Imam Hassan Al-Mujtaba, peace be upon him

Imam Hassan Al-Mujtaba, peace be upon him(3-50 AH) is Al-Hasan bin Ali bin Abi Talib The second imam of the Shiites, and the duration of his imamate was 10 years (40-50 AH), where he assumed the caliphate for a period that lasted about 7 months, and the Sunnis consider him the last of the Rightly Guided Caliphs.

Al-Hasan bin Ali First boy For Imam Ali (P) andFatima AlzahraaAnd the greatest tribe For the Prophet The news reported that the Prophet named him Hassan, and he loved him very much. He lived for seven years with the Prophet, participated in the Pledge of Allegiance of Ridwan, and attended the Mubahala with the Christians of Najran with the Ahl al-Bayt.

There was not much information about his life during the reign of the first and second caliphs, except that Omar appointed him as a witness to the six-party Shura to appoint the third caliph, and during the period of Imam Ali’s succession he accompanied him to Kufa, and was one of his army commanders in the battles of Al-Jamal and Siffin.

Al-Hassan bin Ali (peace be upon him) assumed the imamate on the 21st of Ramadan in the year 40 AH after the martyrdom of Imam Ali (peace be upon him), and more than forty thousand people pledged allegiance to him on the same day, but Muawiyah refused to succeed him, and he sent an army towards Iraq, so the Imam directed a military led by Ubayd Allah bin Abbas. To confront him, he went with another army from his group to Sabat, and Muawiyah sought to spread rumors among the army of Imam Hassan (peace be upon him). To provide the appropriate ground and atmosphere for reconciliation, and in these circumstances, Imam Hassan (peace be upon him) was assassinated and wounded, and was transferred to Al-Mada’in for treatment. Coinciding with these events, a group of leaders of Kufa sent letters to Muawiyah, promising him that they would hand over Hassan bin Ali to him or kill him, so Muawiyah sent letters. The Kufans went to Al-Hasan bin Ali (peace be upon him) and proposed peace to him. The Imam accepted the peace agreement with Muawiyah, and handed over power to him on the condition that he would follow the Book of God and the Sunnah of His Messenger, not appoint a successor to himself, and guarantee safety for the people, especially the Shiites. Imam Ali (peace be upon him)But Muawiyah did not fulfill these conditions, and some of his companions resented this peace treaty and expressed their rejection of it, describing Imam Hassan (peace be upon him) as “the humiliator of the believers.”

After the Imam signed the peace treaty with Muawiyah, he returned to Medina in the year 41 AH, and remained there until the end of his life. He was a scholarly authority in Medina, and some narratives talk about his social status during this period.

When Muawiyah wanted to pledge allegiance to his son Yazid, he sent one hundred thousand dirhams to Ja`dah bint al-Ash`ath, the wife of Imam Hassan (peace be upon him), to poison him. She carried out the order, and he was martyred as a result of that poisoning. Based on some reports, Imam Hassan (peace be upon him) recommended that he be buried at Grave Prophet (PBUH)But Marwan bin Al-Hakam and a number of Banu Umayyad, led by Aisha bint Abi Bakr, prevented this, so he was buried in a cemetery. Al-Baqi.

Shiite and Sunni sources have narrated many of the virtues of Imam Hassan (peace be upon him), as he was one of... The owners of the clothing About whom the Verse of Purification was revealed, and whom the Shiites believe are infallible, in addition to the Verse of Feeding, the Verse of Affection, and the Verse of Mubahalah, which were revealed regarding his right and the right of his mom وHis father وhis brotherTwice, the Imam spent all his money for the sake of God, and three times he shared his money with the poor and needy, and based on this he was nicknamed “The Generous of the People of the House.” Narrations mentioned that he (peace be upon him) went to Hajj for twenty or twenty-five Hajj, walking on foot.

The words and letters of Imam Hassan (peace be upon him), as well as the names of his narrators, were collected in the book “Musnad of Imam Al-Mujtaba (peace be upon him).”

Brief about it

Imam Hassan (peace be upon him) is the first son of the Imam Ali (peace be upon him) وFatima Al-Zahra (peace be upon her)And the greatest tribe To the Prophet (PBUH), and he Hashemi My shark.

Tree of Imam Hassan (peace be upon him)

Name, surname and titles

The Prophet (PBUH) called him Al-Hassan, and it was stated in some narratives that this naming was from God Almighty, just as the names Al-Hasan and Al-Hussein are equivalent to the names Shabar and Shabeer (or Shabeer), who are the sons of the Prophet Harun (PBUH). This naming was not preceded among the Arabs before Islam.

His nickname, as stated in most sources, was Abu Muhammad, and the sources mentioned several titles for him, including Al-Mujtaba, Al-Sayyid, and Al-Zaki, and he had other titles in common with his brother. Al Hussein (peace be upon him) Like Rayhana, the Prophet of God, and the master of the youth of the people of Paradise, and the tribe, and in a narration about Prophet (PBUH) He said: Al-Hasan is one of the tribes, and what is meant by the tribe is the imam and the captain who are from the descendants of the prophets and whom God has chosen.

Imamate

Imam Hassan (peace be upon him) assumed the imamate on the 21st of Ramadan in the year 40 AH after the martyrdom of his father, Imam Ali (peace be upon him), and remained in his position for ten years. Sheikh Al-Kulayni (death in 329 AH) mentioned in Al-Kafi the narrations that stipulate the imamate of Al-Hasan bin Ali, and it was reported In the novel that Imam Ali (peace be upon him) gathered his children and senior Shiites before his martyrdom, and gave Imam Hassan (peace be upon him) the book and weapons, declaring that this was a commandment from the Prophet (peace be upon him). It was reported in another report that when Imam Ali (peace be upon him) went to Kufa, he deposited some of the deposits of the imamate with Umm Salamah, and when Imam Hassan returned from Kufa, I gave it to him, and Sheikh Al-Mufid (death in 413 AH) mentioned in the book Al-Irshad that Al-Hasan was his father’s guardian for his children and companions, and he also demonstrated the imamate of Al-Hasan bin Ali (peace be upon him) with a hadith. Prophet (PBUH)“These two sons of mine are imams, whether standing or sitting.”

Imam Hassan (peace be upon him) resided in Kufa for the first months of his imamate period, and he was in charge of the position of caliphate. After he handed over power to Muawiyah after concluding peace, he moved to Medina, and remained there until the end of his life.

Childhood and youth

Imam Hassan (peace be upon him) was born in Medina, and according to the most famous narrations, his birth was on the 15th day of Ramadan in the year 3 AH, and other reports stated that his birth was in the second year of the Hijra, and the first time Imam Hassan (peace be upon him) was born, he was brought to the Prophet (PBUH) then he proclaimed in his ear, and the sources stated that on the seventh day of his birth the Prophet (PBUH) performed the disobedience of him, and it was reported that Imam Ali (peace be upon him) He wanted to call him Hamza or Harb before naming him Prophet (PBUH) Well, when the Prophet (PBUH) asked him about his name, he said: I was not the first to call him the Prophet (PBUH). Researchers mentioned evidence in response to this news.

Childhood

There is no sufficient information about the childhood and upbringing of Imam Hassan (peace be upon him), except that he spent eight years of his life with the Prophet (peace be upon him). Accordingly, Al-Hasan is considered to be in the last classes of the Companions, and the reports received by Shiites and Sunnis confirm that the Prophet (peace be upon him) loved him and his brother. Al Hussein (peace be upon him) Much.

One of the most important events of this period was his presence with his father, mother, and brother in the case of the Prophet’s (PBUH) marriage to the Christians of Najran, and he and his brother were the proof of his word. ﴿Our children﴾ In the Mubahala verse, Sayyid Jaafar Murtada Al-Amili mentioned that Imam Al-Hasan was present at the Pledge of Ridwan and he pledged allegiance to the Prophet (PBUH) in it, and that some verses of the Qur’an were revealed in his right and in the right of all others. The owners of the clothingIt was reported that when he was seven years old, he was sitting at... Prophet (PBUH)He hears from his grandfather what is revealed to him, then tells his mother what he heard.

Salim bin Qais (who died in the late first century AH) mentioned that when he was pledged to Abu Bakr for the caliphate after the death of the Prophet (PBUH), Al-Hasan went around with his father, mother, and brother at night to the homes of the Ansar. To take the pledge of allegiance to the imam Ali (peace be upon him)It was reported that he announced his disagreement with Abu Bakr when he saw him sitting on the pulpit of the Prophet (PBUH).

Young adulthood

The news reported about this period in the life of Imam Hassan (peace be upon him) is limited, and among them is what was mentioned in the book The Imamate and Politics that Al-Hasan bin Ali attended the six-party shura to appoint the caliphate, by order of Omar bin Al-Khattab, but his presence was as a witness to the shura, and he had no A role in choosing the successor.

It was mentioned in some Sunni books that Al-Hassanain participated in the conquest of Ifriqiya in the year 26 AH, and that they also participated in the conquest of Tabaristan in the year 29 or 30 AH. There are researchers and investigators who have argued that there is no truth to such news, and that it is fabricated and weak in chain of transmission, in addition to the fact that the history It was reported that the imams of Ahl al-Bayt (peace be upon him) were disobeying the conquests, and this is evidenced by the lack of permission Imam Ali (peace be upon him) For Al-Hussein to enter the battlefield in the Battle of Siffin, saying in the answer of Muhammad Ibn Al-Hanafiyyah: O my son, you are my son, and these are the sons of the Messenger of God (may God bless him and grant him peace). Shall I not protect them from being killed?

Among the news related to this period is that when people were complaining about Othman to Imam Ali (peace be upon him), the Imam directed his son Al-Hassan (peace be upon him): To convey the people’s complaint to Othman, and it was mentioned in the sources that at the end of Othman’s rule, when the people rose up against him, besieged his house, and cut off the water to it, Al-Hassan bin Ali (peace be upon him) was bringing water to Othman’s house during those events.

Wives and children

Some sources indicate that Imam Hassan (peace be upon him) was divorced, and it was also mentioned that he owned concubines, and that he had children from some of them. The issue of divorce for Imam Hassan (peace be upon him) was the subject of discussion from a historical, Sindhi and semantic (i.e. conceptual) perspective in ancient and contemporary books. Madling says that the first person to spread the rumor that Al-Hasan (peace be upon him) had 90 wives was Muhammad ibn Al-Kalbi, and this number is also a falsity from Al-Madaini. (Died: 225 AH), while Al-Kalbi did not mention the Imam except 11 wives when mentioning the names of his wives, and his marriage (peace be upon him) with five of them was suspicious, Al-Qurashi considered such news to be made by the Abbasids, in order to confront the Hasani masters and their revolts.

There was also a disagreement regarding the number of children of Imam Hassan (peace be upon him), and Sheikh Al-Mufid mentioned 15 of his children, and Al-Tabarsi counted his 16 children, and added to them Abu Bakr bin Al-Hassan, who was martyred in the Al-Taf incident.

• The descendants of Imam Hassan (peace be upon him)

The descendants of Imam Hassan (peace be upon him) continued through Al-Hassan Al-Muthanna, Zaid, Omar, and Al-Hussein Al-Athram. His lineage from Al-Hussein and Omar was cut off after a period of time, and his lineage remained through Al-Hassan Al-Muthanna and Zaid, and he called his children the Hasaniyya Sayyids, and most of these Sayyids had political movements and social activities. In the second and third centuries AH and there were revolutions before the Abbasid rule, they also established Islamic states in various Islamic countries, and in some places they were known as the honorable.

Residence in Kufa and the succession of Imam Ali (peace be upon him)

Imam Al-Mujtaba (peace be upon him) was always on our side Imam Ali (peace be upon him) In the five years of his caliphate, and based on what was stated in the Book of Ikhtisas, Al-Hasan bin Ali (peace be upon him) after the people pledged allegiance to Imam Ali (peace be upon him), ascended the pulpit on the orders of his father and addressed them, and it appears from the narration of the Battle of Siffin that Imam Hassan (peace be upon him) lived in Kufa with His father, Imam Ali (peace be upon him), at the beginning of Imam Ali (peace be upon him)’s presence in it.

In the Battle of the Camel

It was reported in some sources that after the dissenters rebelled against Imam Ali (peace be upon him), the Imam’s army was deployed to confront them, and in the middle of the road, Imam Hassan (peace be upon him) asked Imam Ali (peace be upon him) to refrain from fighting them. According to the narration of Sheikh Al-Mufid (death in 413 AH), Imam Ali (peace be upon him) ordered Imam Hassan (peace be upon him), along with Ammar bin Yasser and Qais bin Saad, to mobilize the people of Kufa for war, so Imam Hassan (peace be upon him) entered and addressed the people, and mentioned to them the virtues of Imam Ali bin Abi Talib He informed them of Talha and Al-Zubair’s renunciation of the pledge of allegiance, and called on them to support Imam Ali (peace be upon him).

In the Battle of the Camel, Abdullah bin Al-Zubayr accused Imam Ali (peace be upon him) of killing Othman, so Imam Al-Hasan (peace be upon him) delivered a sermon in response to him, in which he explained the role of Talha and Al-Zubayr in that. In the Battle of the Camel, Imam Hassan (peace be upon him) was the commander of the starboard side of an army Commander of the Faithful (PBUH). Ibn Shahr Ashub narrated that in the Battle of the Camel, Imam Ali (peace be upon him) gave his spear to Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah so that he could stab the camel, but he did not succeed in that. Then Imam al-Hasan ibn Ali took the spear and was able to stab the camel.

It was reported in some news that Imam Ali (peace be upon him) fell ill after the Battle of the Camel, and he delegated the holding of Friday prayers in Basra to his son Al-Hassan. Imam Al-Hassan delivered a sermon to the Muslims, stressing in his sermon the status of the Ahl al-Bayt and the people’s negligence in their rights.

Battle of Siffin

Nasr bin Muzahim (died 212 AH) narrated that Al-Hassan bin Ali, before the movement of the army of Imam Ali (peace be upon him), to Siffin, gave a sermon in which he incited the people to jihad, and there are reports that say that he was with his brother. Al-Hussein bin Ali (peace be upon him) They took command of the army's right in the Battle of Siffin. Al-Iskafi (died 240 AH) mentioned that during the Battle of Siffin, one of the senior figures in the Syrian army emerged to fight, so Al-Hassan bin Ali went out to him, but he refused to confront Imam Al-Hassan (peace be upon him), and said to him: I saw... Prophet (PBUH) During his life, he was riding his camel, and you were walking in front of him, so I do not want to fight you and then meet him (may God bless him and grant him peace) on the Day of Resurrection, and I am wanted for him by your blood.

It was mentioned in the book The Battle of Siffin that during the war, Ubaid Allah bin Omar suggested to Al-Hasan that he take over the caliphate in his father’s place. Because the Quraysh were demanding retaliation for Ali (peace be upon him), and Imam Hassan (peace be upon him) replied: No, by God, that will not be the case. Then he said: It is as if I am looking at you killed today or tomorrow, but Satan has beautified you and deceived you. Then he was killed in that battle.

Imam Hassan addressed the people after the battle ended and before arbitration, by order of Imam Ali (peace be upon him). And upon return Imam Ali (A) from Siffin wrote to his son Al-Hasan a letter containing moral and educational contents, known in Nahj al-Balagha as Letter 31.

It was mentioned in the book Al-Isti’ab that Al-Hassan bin Ali (peace be upon him) also participated in the Battle of Nahrawan. In other news, it was reported that:For Imam Ali (A) In the last days of his life, when he wanted to confront Muawiyah again, he appointed his son Al-Hassan to command ten thousand men from his army.

His short caliphate

Imam Hassan (peace be upon him) was the caliph of the Muslims for about six to eight months, beginning on the 21st of Ramadan in the year 40 AH. Then the rule was handed over to Muawiyah on the 25th of Rabi’ al-Awwal, Rabi’ al-Akhir, or Jumada al-Awwal in the year 41 AH. The Sunnis considered it based on a hadith narrated on the authority of Prophet (PBUH)- Al-Hasan is the last of the Rightly Guided Caliphs, and his caliphate began with the pledge of allegiance of the people of Iraq and its neighboring countries, and the people of the Levant, led by Muawiyah, rejected this caliphate, so Muawiyah prepared an army for war, and headed with it from the Levant to Iraq, and the war ended with peace and the handing over of power to Muawiyah, and it became Muawiyah, the first Umayyad ruler.

Pledge of allegiance to Muslims and opposition to the people of the Levant

Shiite and Sunni sources reported that the people pledged allegiance to Imam Hassan bin Ali (peace be upon him) for the caliphate after the martyrdom of the Commander of the Faithful, in the year 40 AH, and Al-Baladhuri (died 279 AH) mentioned that Ubayd Allah bin Abbas addressed the people after his burial. Imam Ali (peace be upon him), and he mourned for them the martyrdom of the Imam, and said: The Imam “left behind a contented, blessed, and forbearing successor.” If you like, then pledge allegiance to him.

It was mentioned in the book Al-Irshad that Al-Hassan bin Ali addressed the people on the morning of Friday, the 21st of Ramadan, and mentioned to them the virtues and merits of his father, emphasizing his kinship with the Messenger (may God bless him and grant him peace), citing verses from the Qur’an that were revealed about the People of the House (peace be upon him), and then Abdullah rose after him. Ibn Abbas, and directed his words to the people to pledge allegiance to the son of their Prophet and the guardian of their Imam, so the people hastened to pledge allegiance to him, and he stated that the number of those pledging allegiance reached forty thousand people, and the first to pledge allegiance to Imam Hassan was the commander of the army of Imam Ali (peace be upon him), Qais bin Saad bin Ubadah.

Hussein Muhammad Jaafari mentioned in his book (Shiism in the Course of History) that most of the companions of the Prophet (peace be upon him) who lived in Kufa after its founding or came to it during the period of the caliphate of Imam Ali (peace be upon him) pledged allegiance to Imam Hassan (peace be upon him) or accepted his caliphate. Jaafari believes based on some The evidence is that the people of Mecca and Medina had accepted his caliphate, and the people of Iraq considered Al-Hasan to be the only choice for this position. Jaafari adds that the people of Yemen and Persia had implicit approval, or at least did not oppose him in this matter.

Historical sources mentioned that Imam Hassan (peace be upon him) mentioned conditions for pledging allegiance to him. He said: (You pledge allegiance to me by listening and obeying, and you will fight whomever I fight, and make peace with whomever I make peace with). When the people heard these words from Imam Hassan, they went to the Imam. ELHussein (peace be upon him), and they asked him to pledge allegiance to him, but he refused, and he answered them: (God forbid that I pledge allegiance to you while Al-Hasan was alive), so they returned and pledged allegiance to Al-Hasan, and historians mentioned that when Qays bin Saad wanted to pledge allegiance to Imam Al-Hasan (peace be upon him), he stipulated that he pledge allegiance to him on the Book of God. And the Sunnah of His Prophet, and he added that he also fights those who shed the blood of Muslims. Imam Hassan (peace be upon him) did not accept the last condition, and considered it included within the Book of God and the Sunnah of His Prophet. Based on this, some considered that Imam Hassan (peace be upon him) was a peaceful man who avoided war, and his conduct His behavior contradicts his behavior His father وhis brother.

Rasul Jafarian believes that such conditions do not indicate that Al-Hassan bin Ali (peace be upon him) was a peaceful man who did not desire war, but rather he wanted to preserve his sovereignty and power as the ruler of society, so that he could make decisive decisions through it, and his subsequent actions revealed his... He was insisting on war, and this is supported by the news that talks about a 100 percent increase in the salaries of his soldiers, which is considered one of the first decisions that the Imam took during his rule.

The confrontation with Muawiyah

The war of Imam Hassan (peace be upon him) with Muawiyah is the most important political event in his life, which led to reconciliation between them. It coincided with the pledge of allegiance of the people of Iraq and the implicit approval of the people of Hijaz, Yemen and Persia to Hassan bin Ali. The people of the Levant pledged allegiance to Muawiyah. Muawiyah in his speeches and in his correspondence with Imam Hassan (peace be upon him) emphasizes that he does not recognize people’s pledge of allegiance to the Imam (peace be upon him).

Muawiyah, who had been lurking for the caliphate since the killing of Uthman, and consolidating himself for it, headed with the army of Jarrar towards Iraq, and based on some news that Imam Hassan (peace be upon him) remained fifty days after his father’s martyrdom and the people’s pledge of allegiance to him, he did not initiate war or reconciliation. When he learned of the news of the army The Levant left Kufa with its army, and sent Ubayd Allah bin Abbas in front of him at the head of his army towards Muawiyah.

Meet the military

After the clash between the two armies led to the defeat of the Levantine camp, Muawiya sent a message to Ubayd Allah at night informing him that Al-Hasan bin Ali had proposed peace to him, and that the matter of the caliphate would be handed over to him. Muawiyah promised Ubayd Allah to pay him a million dirhams, so Ubayd Allah joined him, and then Qais took over. Bin Saad led the Imam’s army, and Al-Baladhuri narrated (he died in 279 AH) and after Ubayd Allah joined the Levant camp, Muawiyah thought that the army of Imam Hassan had become weak, so he ordered that they attack him with all force, but the Imam’s camp, led by Qais, confronted the Levant army and pushed them back, so Muawiyah tried to tempt Qais. Just as Ubaidullah promised, but his attempt failed.

Imam Hassan in Sabat

On the other hand, Imam al-Hasan headed with his army to Sabat, and Sheikh al-Mufid says that Imam al-Hasan wanted to test his companions, to know who would obey him and who would disobey him, so he addressed them and said after praising and praising: “…. Indeed, what you dislike in the group is better for you than what you love in the group. Indeed, I see that it is better for you than you see for yourselves...” After the Imam’s words were completed, some said to others that he wanted to reconcile with Muawiyah and hand over the matter to him, so a number of them attacked his tent and looted it. They even pulled his prayer hall out from under him.

However, Al-Yaqubi (died 292 AH) reported that the reason for this event was that Muawiyah sent a number from his side. To negotiate with Al-Hasan bin Ali, and when they left his council, they were talking loudly among themselves, saying: God has injected the blood of Muslims into the son of the Messenger of God, put down the strife through him, and submitted to peace. When the Imam’s soldiers heard these words, they attacked his tent and plundered it, and after this incident The Imam’s companions guarded him so that no harm would come to him, but in the dark of the night a Kharijite man attacked him and said to him: You have become a polytheist, O Hassan! He also joined your father, then stabbed him in the thigh, and the Imam fell from his horse, then he was carried on a bed to Al-Mada'in, and went down for treatment in the house of Saad bin Masoud Al-Thaqafi.

Finally, the war between Muawiyah and Imam Hassan ended with peace. Messenger Jaafarian mentioned the reasons for the Imam accepting this peace, including: letting the people down, the prevailing circumstances, and preserving the Shiites. Based on this agreement, the caliphate was handed over to Muawiyah.

Reconciliation with Muawiyah

Imam Hassan (peace be upon him) was subjected to an assassination operation, coinciding with the clash between the armies of Iraq and Syria. The Imam was wounded and carried to Al-Mada’in for treatment. When Imam Hassan (peace be upon him) was treating his wound in Al-Mada’in, a group of Kufa tribal chiefs sent hidden messages to Muawiyah, and announced his They were led by him, and they urged Muawiyah to go to them, and they promised him that they would hand over Hassan bin Ali to him or kill him. Sheikh Al-Mufid (death in 413 AH) narrates that when Imam Hassan (peace be upon him) heard about the message of the Kufans and the joining of Ubayd Allah bin Abbas to Muawiyah, and he saw the abandonment of his companions, he realized that there was no He can confront the powerful army of the Levant with this number of his Shiites. Zaid bin Wahb Al-Juhani says that when Imam Hassan (peace be upon him) was in Al-Mada’in while he was treating his wound, the Imam said to Al-Juhani: By God, if I fight Muawiyah, the people of Iraq will take my neck and hand me over to him. I swear to God that peace will be made through glory with Muawiyah. It is better than becoming a prisoner by his hand or being killed, or having Muawiyah favor me and refrain from killing me, so this disgrace will remain on Bani Hashim forever.

Reconciliation proposal by Muawiyah

Al-Yaqubi mentioned that Muawiyah used tricks in his war with Al-Hasan in order to end the war in peace, and from that he used to send to the camp of Imam Hassan someone who would spread the news of Qais bin Saad joining Muawiyah, and on the other hand, he would send to the camp of Qais someone who would spread the news of the acceptance of peace on the part of Imam Al-Hasan. (PBUH). He also informed Al-Hasan bin Ali (peace be upon him) about the obedience of the people of Kufa through the letters they sent him, so he proposed reconciliation to the Imam, and stipulated conditions for himself in this matter. Sheikh Al-Mufid says: Imam Al-Hasan (peace be upon him) even though he knew the tricks and tricks of Muawiyah. He does not depend on it, but he has no choice but to accept reconciliation.

There are reports that Muawiyah sent a white sheet, empty of any conditions, sealed with his seal, to Al-Hasan bin Ali (peace be upon him) so that the Imam could write his conditions on it. When the Imam saw the prevailing conditions and the proposed conditions, he addressed the people, asking them to express their opinion between war or reconciliation, and they responded to him with a slogan. “The remnant, the remnant” is a reference to their submission to the reconciliation, and thus the reconciliation was concluded with Imam Hassan (peace be upon him) on the 25th of Rabi’ al-Awwal or Rabi’ al-Akhir or Jumada al-Akhirah in the year 41 AH.

Terms of reconciliation

A disagreement occurred regarding the terms of the reconciliation that was concluded between Imam Hassan (peace be upon him) and Muawiyah, including that the caliphate reaches Muawiyah provided that he follows the Book of God and the Sunnah of the Prophet (peace be upon him), does not appoint a successor for himself, and guarantees safety for the people, including the Shiites of Ali (peace be upon him), the Sheikh says. Al-Saduq: When Imam Hassan (peace be upon him) handed over the caliphate to Muawiyah, he stipulated that he should not name him Commander of the Faithful or bear witness with him, and that he should not pursue anything against Ali’s Shiites, and that he should differentiate between the children of the one who was killed with his father on the Day of the Camel and the children of the one who was killed with his father in Siffin Alif. One thousand dirhams.

It was reported in some books that Imam Hassan stipulated that the caliphate would reach him after Muawiyah, and that Muawiyah would also pay five million dirhams to him. Some researchers believed that these two conditions were proposed by the representative of Imam Hassan (peace be upon him) during the events that led to peace, and that the imam rejected them, and he confirmed that The choice of the caliph after Muawiyah is due to the Muslim Shura Council, and that Muawiyah does not have the right to dispose of the Muslims’ treasury. It was said that the amount (five million dirhams) was put by Muawiyah or his representatives in the terms of the reconciliation, and it is one of their proposals.

Although Imam Hassan (peace be upon him) stepped down from power in favor of Muawiyah due to his will, he remained the imam of the Shiites and a leader. For Bani Hashim And al Prophet (PBUH) Until the end of his life.

Responses and consequences

It was reported in some news that a group of his companions were expressing their regret and dissatisfaction with Imam Hassan’s peace treaty (peace be upon him), and some of them were even denouncing this initiative and addressing the Imam as “humiliating the believers.” The Imam was responding to their protests and questions, stressing the necessity of adhering to this decision. The reason for this peace treaty is considered the same as the reason for the peace treaty of Hudaybiyyah, and the wisdom behind it is like the wisdom behind Al-Khidr’s actions when the Prophet Moses accompanied him and objected to him.

Most sources reported that Muawiyah did not abide by the terms of the peace treaty, and that he killed a large number of Shiites of Imam Ali (peace be upon him), such as Hajr bin Adi, and appointed his son Yazid to succeed him. It was mentioned that Muawiyah entered Kufa after he made peace with the Imam, and he addressed the people, saying: Every condition His condition is rejected, and every promise I made is under these feet. He also said: I did not fight you to fast, to pray, to perform Hajj, or to pay zakat, but I fought you so that I could rule over you.

Residence in the city and religious reference

Although some Shiites asked Imam Hassan (peace be upon him) to remain in Kufa, after making peace with Muawiyah, he returned to Medina and remained there until the end of his life, except for his rare trips to Mecca and the Levant. It was mentioned in the book Al-Kafi that Imam Al-Mujtaba built Based on the will of Imam Ali (peace be upon him), he took over his endowments and alms after him, and that this will was written on Jumada al-Awwal 10 in the year 37 AH,

Scientific reference

There is much news about the holding of study circles for Imam Hassan (peace be upon him) in Medina to teach and guide people, including what was mentioned by Ibn Saad (death in 230 AH), Al-Baladhuri (death in 279 AH), and Ibn Asakir (death in 571 AH) that Al-Hasan (peace be upon him) used to pray the morning prayer. In the Mosque of the Prophet (PBUH), then he follows until sunrise, then the adults and those present in the mosque come to him and discuss with him, and he has the same program in the evening. It was also mentioned in the book “The Important Chapters” that Al-Hasan bin Ali used to sit in the Prophet’s Mosque, and people would sit from around him, and they ask him, and he answers them.

However, Mahdi Bishwayi says about this period in the life of Imam Hassan (peace be upon him) that the Imam was living in a state of isolation because people did not turn to him, which affected the deviation of the morals of society at that time.

Social status

The news received says that Imam Hassan (peace be upon him) had a prominent position in society. Ibn Saad says that people surrounded Hassan bin Ali during the Hajj season to bless him, and because of the intense crowding, Al-Hussein - and another person with him - dispersed the people around him, and in other news that Ibn Abbas Although he was one of the senior companions and older than Al-Hasan, when the Imam wanted to ride his animal, he would prepare it for him.

Political isolation and non-cooperation with Muawiyah

It was reported that when Imam Hassan wanted to leave Kufa, a group of Kharijites met in Al-Nakhila. To fight Muawiyah, Muawiyah wrote to Al-Hasan bin Ali, and asked him to return and fight them, but the Imam refused, and replied to him: If I wanted to fight one of the people of the Qiblah, I would have fought you. When another group of Kharijites, led by Hawthara Al-Asadi, came out against Muawiyah, Muawiyah asked Imam Hassan (peace be upon him) asked him to stand in front of them and repel them, but the Imam responded to him with the same words, considering that fighting him was better than fighting them.

Some narrations say that Imam Hassan (peace be upon him) used to accept Muawiyah’s gifts even though he (peace be upon him) was disagreeing with him and protesting his actions and behavior, and the amount that Muawiyah sent with all the other gifts he presented to the Imam was estimated at one million dirhams or one hundred thousand dinars.

It was reported in the news that the imam used to pay some of his debts from this amount, and divide what remained of it among his relatives and loyalists, or spend all the gifts on others. There are reports that talk about his rejection of Muawiyah’s gifts, and such news raised suspicions and questions, which opened research in jurisprudence, for example. Example: Sayyid al-Murtada considered receiving money and ties to Imam Hassan from Muawiyah a duty because it was money that had to be seized from the hands of the unjust ruler who was victorious over the affairs of the Islamic nation.

The position of the Umayyads

There are narratives that talked about the negative attitudes of the Umayyads towards Imam Hassan (peace be upon him), and in the book Al-Ihtijaj, there were debates between Imam Hassan with Muawiyah and his group, in which the Imam defended the status of the Ahl al-Bayt, and revealed the face of his enemies and what they harbored towards him.

Martyrdom and Shiism

Shiite and Sunni sources reported that Imam Hassan (peace be upon him) was martyred through poison administered to him, and it was reported in the news that he was given poison several times before his martyrdom, but he survived all of them. Regarding the martyrdom of the Imam through poison the last time, Sheikh Al-Mufid says: Muawiyah wanted to pledge allegiance to his son Yazid, so he sent Ja’dah bint Al-Ash’ath (the wife of Imam Hassan) one hundred thousand dirhams, and promised her to marry his son Yazid if she hastened to poison her husband, Hassan. (PBUH). Her name was also mentioned in Sunni sources as the killer of Al-Hassan bin Ali (peace be upon him), and Madling believes that the issue of the caliphate after Muawiyah and his effort to consolidate Yazid’s reign supports that Imam Hassan was poisoned by Ja’dah and with the encouragement of Muawiyah.

Other news indicates that Al-Hassan was poisoned by Hind (one of his wives) or one of his loyalists and servants. It was reported that Al-Hassan bin Ali (peace be upon him) died three days, forty days, or two months after he was poisoned.

News says that the city was filled with weeping and wailing over the loss of Imam Al-Mujtaba. It was reported that large crowds participated in the funeral of the Imam and his burial in Al-Baqi, and the markets were closed and mourning was held for him for seven days. Some Sunni sources indicate that the death of Al-Hassan bin Ali (peace be upon him) was the first humiliation for the Arabs.

Preventing the burial of Al-Hassan (peace be upon him) with the Prophet

Some sources reported that Imam Hassan (peace be upon him) recommended his brother Imam Hussein (P) To bury him next to his grandfather Messenger (PBUH). In another report, Al-Hasan bin Ali spoke with Aisha about this matter, and she also accepted, and based on what was mentioned in the book Ansab Al-Ashraf, when Marwan bin Al-Hakam learned about Al-Hasan’s intention and his will, he told Muawiyah about it, and Muawiyah asked Marwan to stand firmly in the face of this will. However, in the reports reported by Sheikh Al-Mufid (death in 413 AH), Al-Tabarsi (death in 548 AH), and Ibn Shahr Ashub (death in 588 AH), it was mentioned that the Imam recommended that he walk towards the grave of his grandfather, the Prophet (peace be upon him). To renew their covenant with him, then he would be buried next to the grave of his grandmother, Fatima bint Asad. He also recommended staying away from clashes and conflict during his funeral, and that no Muslim blood should be shed during that.

And when he got pregnant Banu Hashim The coffin of Imam Hassan, and they carried it towards the grave of the Prophet. Marwan came with a group of Umayyads, carrying weapons, so they blocked the way for them. So that he would not be buried with the Prophet (PBUH), and Abu Al-Faraj Al-Isfahani (death in 356 AH) reported that Aisha rode a mule and came to the funeral inciting the Umayyads not to bury him with the Prophet (PBUH), but based on Al-Baladhuri’s report that when Aisha saw the clash, she almost It falls between them, and blood is shed. She said: The house is my house, and I do not permit anyone to be buried in it. It was said that Marwan called out: How can Othman be buried outside the city, when Al-Hassan is buried near the Prophet? Sedition almost broke out Bani Hashem And the Umayyads, however Imam Hussein (peace be upon him) Based on his brother’s will, he prevented the two parties from conflict, then Al-Hassan bin Ali’s body was held and buried in Al-Baqi At the grave of Fatima Bint Al-Assad. Ibn Shahr Ashub reported that the Umayyads shot arrows at Al-Hasan’s funeral, until seventy arrows were taken out of him.

Date of martyrdom

A dispute occurred regarding the year of the martyrdom of Imam Hassan (peace be upon him) between the year 49, 50, or 51 AH. There are also other opinions, and some researchers have relied on evidence based on which they considered that the year 50 AH is correct.

Shiite sources say that his death was in the month of Safar, and most Sunni sources say that it was in the month of Rabi’ al-Awwal.

The accounts of the day of his martyrdom differed in the Shiite news. There are many scholars such as Sheikh Al-Mufid, Sheikh Al-Tusi (death in 460 AH), Al-Tabarsi (death in 548 AH), and Ibn Shahr Ashub (death in 588 AH) who mentioned that he was martyred on Safar 28, but the first martyr (death 786 AH) supports the day of Safar 7, and Al-Kulayni at the end of Safar. Yad Allah al-Maqdisi discussed the support of these narrations, and he holds that his martyrdom occurred on the 28 Safar, and in his opinion this is more correct.

In Iran, the 28th of Safar is the day of the death of the Prophet (peace be upon him) and the martyrdom of Imam Hassan (peace be upon him), and it is an official holiday where the Shiites hold condolences, but in other countries such as Iraq, the 7th of Safar is the day of mourning, and in the seminary in Najaf Al-Ashraf, it has been around for a long time. 7 Safar was considered the day of his martyrdom (peace be upon him), and the seminary in Qom also held funerals, and considered this day a holiday, since the time of Sheikh Abdul Karim Al-Hairi.

Based on the narratives that talk about the date of his martyrdom, the age of Al-Hassan bin Ali (peace be upon him) on the day of his martyrdom is estimated to be 46, 47, or 48 years.

Virtues and characteristics

Al-Yaqoubi (died 292 AH) mentioned that Al-Hasan bin Ali (peace be upon him) was the most like people By the Prophet (PBUH) In appearance and morals, he was dyed black, was of average height, and had a thick beard. Islamic sources also mentioned his personal and social virtues.

Personal virtues

Regarding the personal characteristics of Al-Hassan bin Ali, there is news contained in the sources, including:

The love of the Prophet (PBUH) for him

There are many narrations about the love of the Prophet (PBUH) for his grandson, Al-Hasan bin Ali (PBUH), including: The Prophet (PBUH) used to carry Al-Hasan on his shoulders and say: Oh God, I love him; So I loved him, and sometimes when the Prophet (PBUH) was prostrating in congregational prayer, Al-Hasan would climb onto his shoulder, and the Prophet would not raise his head from prostration until Al-Hasan descended from his shoulder. When his companions asked him about the length of his prostration? He answers them: I wanted him to get off my shoulder himself.

It was mentioned in Fara’id al-Samtain that the Prophet (PBUH) said about him that he is the master of the youth of Paradise, and God’s proof for the nation, and whoever follows him is of me, and whoever disobeys him is not of me.

Verses were revealed about him

Al-Hasan bin Ali (peace be upon him) is one of the family of the Prophet (peace be upon him), and the commentators mention that verses from the Qur’an were revealed regarding them, including the verse about feeding, which was mentioned in Shiite and Sunni narrations, as it is considered one of their virtues. Based on some narrations, the commentators say that the matter of the revelation of the verse Affection is also the family of the Prophet (PBUH), and the verse considers their affection to be the reward of the Prophet (PBUH) instead of his message to his nation, just as Imam Hassan and his brother Hussein were the meaning of the word “our sons” in the Mubahala verse when the family of the Prophet (PBUH) treated the Christians of Najran.

The verse of purification was revealed in truth The owners of the clothing Imam Hassan is considered one of them, and this verse is also used as evidence to prove the infallibility of the People of the House (peace be upon him).

Going for Hajj walking

The Imam (peace be upon him) went several times walking to Hajj, and it was reported that he used to say: I am ashamed of God to meet him, and I did not walk to him towards his house. He mentioned that he performed Hajj fifteen times, twenty times, or twenty-five times on foot, even though he used to take With him are the survivors of camels on the way.

Praise his dream

The news contained in Islamic sources about Imam Hassan (peace be upon him) identified him as Al-Halim, and in some Sunni sources it was mentioned that Marwan ibn Al-Hakam, who was considered one of his enemies and was prevented from being buried by the Prophet (peace be upon him), participated in the funeral of his body, and walked behind his funeral, and among those who carried it, and when They protested to him that you were hurting him the most in his life. He answered them: I was doing that to someone whose dream is equivalent to mountains. It was reported that a man from the Levant saw Imam Al-Hassan and began abusing him. The Imam left him until he became silent, then smiled in his face and said to him: It is as if you are a stranger in this country, so we take care of all your needs. The man cried and said: God knows best where he will deliver his message.

Social virtues

Sources reported that he had social virtues, including:

He is famous for spending for the sake of God and helping people

Islamic sources mentioned that the second Imam of the Shiites was “generous,” “generous,” and “generous.” It was reported that he spent all his money twice in the name of God, and he took the initiative to divide his money three times, spending half of it and leaving another half for himself. Ibn Ashub reported that Imam Hassan (peace be upon him) during his trip to the Levant, Muawiyah presented him with a valuable check of money and goods, and when Imam Hassan left Muawiyah’s council, the servant was repairing the sandals of the Imam (peace be upon him), so the Imam presented that valuable check to the servant. It was reported that Imam Hassan (peace be upon him) heard a man praying to God to grant him 10 dirhams, so the Imam went to his house and ordered that the amount be paid to him, and accordingly he became known as “The Generous One of the People of the House,” but this name was not mentioned in the narrations.

There are reports that talk about his help to people. He even mentioned that he stopped circumambulating while secluding himself in the Sacred Mosque to fulfill the needs of a Muslim. He was asked about the reason for his work and he said: How can I not go with him?Messenger of God(PBUH) said: Whoever goes to fulfill the need of his Muslim brother and fulfills his need, Hajj and Umrah are written for him, and if it is not fulfilled for him, Umrah is written for him.

His humility

It was reported that Imam Hassan (peace be upon him) passed by poor people eating crumbs of bread. When they saw him, they invited him to eat with them. The Imam got off his horse and sat eating with them until he was satisfied. Then he invited them to his house, fed them, and clothed them. In another story, it was reported that one of his servants had left him. What deserves to be punished, so he said to Imam Al-Hasan: “And those who pardon people.”The Imam said, “I forgive you.” Then he said: And God loves the doers of goodThe Imam said: You are free for the sake of God, and he gave him double what he was giving.

Moral heritage

The narrations that were reported about Imam Hassan (peace be upon him) in various fields amounted to about 250 narrations, some of which relate to Imam Hassan (peace be upon him) himself, and among them are what Imam Hassan narrated on the authority of Prophet (PBUH) وImam Ali (peace be upon him) وFatima Alzahraa (PBUH).

The words of Al-Hasan bin Ali (peace be upon him) and his letters were collected in a book under the title Musnad of Imam Al-Mujtaba (peace be upon him). These words contain his sermons, sermons, dialogues, supplications, debates, and doctrinal and jurisprudential issues, with mention of the chain of transmission. In the book “The Rhetoric of Imam Al-Hasan” the narrated narrations were also collected. About him and the poems attributed to him.

Ahmadi Al-Mianji mentioned in the book Makatib Al-Imams 15 letters to Imam Al-Hasan (peace be upon him), 6 of which he sent to Muawiyah, 3 of which he sent to Ziyad bin Abiyah, a letter to the people of Kufa, and one to Al-Hasan Al-Basri. Al-Mianji also collected 7 commandments of Imam Al-Hasan, including what he bequeathed to Imam HusseinAnd Muhammad bin Al-Hanafiyyah, Al-Qasim bin Al-Hasan, and Junada bin Abi Umayyah.

Aziz Allah Al-Atardi mentioned the names of 138 people who narrated on the authority of Imam Al-Hasan (peace be upon him), and Sheikh Al-Tusi mentioned the names of 41 men, and counted them among his companions.

In culture and art

Imam Hassan (peace be upon him) has a prominent position in the arena of culture, including those related to religious ceremonies and works of art.

Tanhatrin Sardar (The Lonely Leader) series

In the year 1375 Shamsi, a series was produced about Imam Hassan (peace be upon him) under the title “Tanhatrin Sardar (The Only Leader)” and broadcast on the first channel of Iranian radio and television. The series sheds light on an aspect of the life of Imam Hassan (peace be upon him), the issue of his reconciliation with Muawiyah, and the conditions of Islamic society. The conditions of the Shiites at that time and a short period after his martyrdom.

He wrote about it 

Many books and articles have been published about Imam Hassan (peace be upon him), and in the articles written under the title “Books about Imam Al-Mujtaba (peace be upon him), 130 printed and manuscript books were mentioned in several Arabic, Persian, Turkish, and Urdu languages.

Among the most important books in this field are:

• News of Al-Hassan bin Ali by Suleiman bin Ahmed Al-Tabarani
• The Political Life of Imam Hassan by Jaafar Murtada Al-Amili
• The life of Imam Hassan bin Ali by Baqir Sharif Al-Qurashi
• Hassan made peace with Radi Al Yassin
• Al-Hassan bin Ali, a study and analysis of Kamel Suleiman
• Imam Hassan and the social construction approach by Hassan Musa Al-Saffar
• Halim Ahl al-Bayt by Musa Muhammad Ali

The selected articles in the “Conference Honoring the Tribe of the Prophet” were also printed in three volumes.

Footnotes

Notes