Muhammad bin Abdullah, may God bless him and his family

Muhammad bin Abdullah bin Abdul Muttalib bin Hashim, (Year of the Elephant - 11 AH) The Prophet of Islam, the Seal of the Prophets, and one of the most powerful prophets. The Holy Qur’an is considered his miracle with which he challenged nations and peoples, focusing his call on monotheism, good morals, and organizing human life. History states that he (PBUH) appeared as a codified ruler, social reformer, and leader. Military at the same time.

His birth was in a society characterized by polytheism and idolatry, but he never worshiped an idol, nor did he associate anything with God. God sent him when he was forty years old. He and his companions faced the harshest types of torture, abuse, displacement, and plunder. When the Islamic call was thirteen years old, he migrated from Mecca to Yathrib - which was later called the City of the Prophet - and this migration was the beginning of a new history and a major turning point in the life of the Islamic message, as the conflict between the polytheists and the believers then moved to military confrontation and armed clashes that ended with the victory of the camp. Islam.

The tireless efforts made by the Messenger of God (PBUH), with the support of his companions, the immigrants and supporters, had a great impact in transforming the pre-Islamic society into a monotheistic society. The Noble Prophet (PBUH) not only had an impact on the society that he lived in, but he also left a great influence in other societies and throughout the ages as well.

Based on the hadith of al-Thaqalayn, the Prophet (PBUH) emphasized that Muslims should adhere to the Qur’an and its descendants, as they will not be separated. He also repeatedly stressed that Imam Ali (A) His successor immediately after his departure; So that the journey that began with his resurrection would not stop.

The Prophet (PBUH) married Khadija when he was twenty-five years old, and after her death he married other women. His children were only from Khadija and Maria, and all of them died during the lifetime of the Prophet except Fatima (peace be upon her).

Brief about it

He is Muhammad bin Abdullah bin Abdul Muttalib bin Hashim bin Abd Manaf bin Qusayy bin Kilab bin Murrah bin Kaab bin Luay bin Ghalib bin Fihr (Quraysh) bin Malik bin Nadr bin Kinana bin Khuzaymah bin Mudarrakah bin Elias bin Mudar bin Nizar bin Ma’ad bin Adnan.

His mother was Amna bint Wahb bin Abd Manaf bin Zahra bin Kilab. When he was six and three months old, and it is said that he was four years old, he accompanied his mother Amna on his trip to Yathrib (Medina) to visit his maternal uncles from the Banu Adi bin Al-Najjar. On their return to Mecca, Amna died in the father’s house and was buried there.

The Shiites have unanimously agreed - as mentioned by Al-Majlisi - on the faith of his mother Amina, his father Abdullah, and his ancestors back to Adam (peace be upon him), as well as on the faith of his uncle Abu Talib. He is called Abu Al-Qasim and Abu Ibrahim. Among his titles are: Al-Haleem, Al-Mukhtar, Al-Amin, Al-Auspicious, Ahmad, Beloved of God, Safi of God, God’s Grace, Servant of God, God’s Best, God’s Creation, Master of Messengers, Imam of the Pious, and Seal of the Prophets.

His message

Muhammad (PBUH) was sent at the age of forty to carry out the message. The Prophet had a pure nature, and the ruling groups in Mecca at that time were distracted by the worship of idols, which made him tend toward isolation, seclusion, and worship in the mountains of Mecca. His worship would extend over a period of a month, and then he would return. r) to Mecca. It was also reported that Israfil was assigned to him for three years and Gabriel for twenty years, and that before the mission prepared the appropriate ground for him to receive the revelation.

Childhood and youth

Historical sources did not tell us the exact year in which the Noble Prophet (PBUH) was born, but Ibn Hisham and other historians mentioned that his birth was in the year in which Abraha al-Habashi attacked the Kaaba, known as the Year of the Elephant. However, this general definition is of no use except to those who were contemporary with the event, lived through it, and knew its exact time, and therefore it is not possible to determine an exact date for his (may God bless him and grant him peace) birth, even if the benefit is from adding the date of his death in 632 AD - according to historical sources - to the sixty-three years that he lived, so the result of subtraction is The second number of the first is 570 or 569 AD.

What is known among the Shiites is that his birth was on the seventeenth of Rabi’ al-Awwal, while the popular opinion of the Sunnis is that his birth was on the twelfth of Rabi’ al-Awwal.

his childhood

There are many historical sources that touched on the period of the Prophet’s childhood, but the Holy Qur’an did not talk about his childhood except briefly, including his reference to the state of orphanhood that the Prophet (PBUH) lived through.

When Abdullah grew up, his father Abdul Muttalib married him to Amna bint Wahb from Banu Zahra, and only a short period passed until Amna became pregnant with the master of the wilderness, the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). After a while, Abdullah traveled on a commercial trip to the Levant. When he reached the city of Yathrib, God Almighty took his soul, and the Prophet (PBUH) was born an orphan. Some of them said that he (PBUH) was born during his father’s life.

Since it was the custom of the Meccans to request wet nurses for their children from the desert people, his grandfather Abdul Muttalib - who took care of the Prophet after his father’s death - took an Arab woman to be his wet nurse and nanny. That is Halima Saadia. The child was in the arms of Bani Saad for a while. When he was six years old, he accompanied his mother Amna on her trip to Medina, and when they returned, Amna died in her parents’ home, leaving her only son an orphan.

When he was eight years old, Abdul Muttalib, the grandfather of the Prophet (PBUH) and his sponsor, died, and he left the sponsorship of Muhammad (PBUH) to his uncle Abu Talib (PBUH). Abu Talib (peace be upon him) was like a caring father who saw in caring for his nephew obedience to the command of his father Abdul Muttalib, and in fulfillment of his humanitarian duty. He was assisted in this by that venerable woman Fatima bint Asad, who (peace be upon him) said on the day of her death: “Today my mother died, starving her children, feeding me and making them miserable.” She anoints me, and I have not felt like an orphan since I sought refuge in her. He witnessed her funeral, prayed over her, shrouded her with his shirt to protect her from the vermin of the grave, and descended into her grave to ensure his comfort.

His first trip to the Levant

Historians mentioned that he (may God bless him and grant him peace) traveled with his uncle Abu Talib (peace be upon him) when he was young and near the ancient city of Busra, where a hermitage stood in which a Christian worshiper named Buhaira lived. When the Quraysh arrived at the hermitage, Buhaira said to his uncle Abu Talib (peace be upon him): “He Your nephew is of great importance. We find it in our books and what we narrated from our fathers. This is the Master of the Worlds. This is the Messenger of the Lord of the Worlds. He sends him as a mercy to the worlds. Beware of the Jews, for if they see him and learn from him what I know, they will intend to kill him.”

It was narrated that Bahira the monk said to the Prophet (PBUH): “O boy, I ask you by the name of Al-Lat and Al-Uzza, unless you tell me what I am asking of you.” So the Messenger of God (PBUH) said: “Do not ask me by the name of Al-Lat and Al-Uzza, for by God I have never hated anything as much as I hate them.”

His youth

Curiosity alliance

One of the important historical incidents that the Noble Prophet (PBUH) experienced before his marriage and lived through its events was his (PBUH) participation in an alliance called the “Halaf al-Fudul” where he was twenty years old at the time. Banu Hashim, Zahra, and Taim, and they pledged to God, the mighty avenger, to be with the oppressed, until they take his rights from those who wronged him. He (may God’s prayers and peace be upon him) was very proud of this important historical event, so much so that he said about it: “I would not like to have an oath in his presence in the house of Ibn Jadaan with red camels.”

Black Stone Monument

One of the famous incidents that the Noble Prophet (PBUH) experienced before the mission was the issue of building the Kaaba and the disagreement of the leaders of Quraysh regarding the placement of the Black Stone. This is: The Quraysh in pre-Islamic times demolished the House, but they demolished it; Because the torrent was coming to them from the heights of the mountains surrounding Mecca, entering it and it cracked, and that was five years before the Prophet (PBUH) was sent... When the building reached the place of the Black Stone, the Quraysh disagreed and quarreled over its placement, as to which of them should place the Black Stone in its place, so each tribe said: We It is more deserving of him, and we put him down, until evil almost happened between them, and finally they agreed and were satisfied with the arbitration and judgment of the first person who entered upon them from the gate of Bani Shaybah, so the Prophet (PBUH) appeared and entered upon them. They all said: This trustworthy person has come, so they judged him. They told him their news and asked him to judge between them. So he (may God bless him and grant him peace) came forward and spread his robe on the ground, and placed the stone in it. Then he said: “A man will come from every quarter of Quraysh.” So they all raised the cloak containing the stone to the level of its place, then (PBUH) took the stone in his hand and placed it in its place.

His marriage and children

The Prophet Muhammad married Khadija when he was twenty-five years old, and lived with her for 25 years. Khadija died in the tenth year of the mission. After that, the Prophet married several wives: Sawda, Aisha, Hafsa, Zainab bint Khuzaymah, Umm Habibah, Umm Salamah, Zainab bint Jahsh, Juwayriyah, Safiya, Maimuna, and Maria al-Qibtiyya.

his children

He had two children from Khadija: Al-Qasim and Abdullah, who are Al-Taher and Al-Tayeb, and four daughters: Zainab, Ruqayyah, and Umm Kulthum, who is Amna andFatema (PBUH) She is her father’s mother, and he had no children except Ibrahim, from Maria Al-Qibtiyya, who was born in Aliyah. It is said: He was born in Medina in the year 8 AH and died there, and he is one year and ten months old and his grave is In Al-Baqi.

None of his children remained except Fatima (peace be upon him), from whom the offspring of the Messenger of God (peace be upon him) were. As for Zainab, she died in the year 8 AH in Medina, and Ruqayyah died in the year 2 AH in Medina as well, while Umm Kulthum died in the year 9 AH in Medina, and Abdullah died immediately after the mission in Mecca.

His mission

The famous Imami Shiites said that his mission (may God bless him and grant him peace) was on the 27th of Rajab.

Before the mission, the Messenger of God (may God’s prayers and peace be upon him) used to stay alone in the Cave of Hira to perform his ritual rituals, and he would stay there for a month every year feeding the poor who came to him. When the Messenger of God spent his month of living in his neighborhood, the first thing he would begin with when he left his neighborhood was the Kaaba, before he entered his house, and he would circumambulate it. Seven days or as long as God wishes, then he returns to his home.

Even if the month in which God Almighty intended was in it what he wanted of his dignity from the year in which God Almighty sent him, the Messenger of God (may God bless him and grant him peace) went out to Hira’ as he used to go out to be with him until it was the night in which God honored him with his message, Gabriel came to him by the command of God Almighty, and he said To him: “Read.” He said to him: “I am not a reader.” Gabriel said:﴿Read the name of your Lord who created﴾

According to historians, this was when he was forty years old. So (PBUH) returned home from his night, and he, Khadija, andAli bin Abi Talib (PBUH) and Zaid bin Haritha. So he called them to monotheism and belief in him, and the first to believe in him was his wife Khadija, and among the men was his cousin Ali bin Abi Talib (peace be upon him). Some sources reported that the first men to believe were Abu Bakr and Zaid bin Haritha. Although the call was limited in the early years, believers in his message were increasing until they were forced to go outside the mainland of Mecca to perform prayers there.

Public advocacy

Some researchers and historians said that the secret invitation lasted for three years, after which it was announced that the call was to be made public and announced, while another group of researchers rejected that, claiming that the announcement and announcement of the call took place directly and shortly after the start of the mission. The first thing that the Messenger (PBUH) initiated was the call to monotheism and the rejection of polytheism of all kinds. Then he legislated for them to pray two rak’ahs for the traveler and those present together. After a while, the ruling was limited to the travelers, while it became the duty of those present to pray four rak’ahs. The Muslims were hiding from the eyes of the polytheists while performing the prayer, little by little. The number of Muslims began to increase and their presence in Mecca expanded.

Famous historians and commentators have mentioned that with the end of the third year of the mission, a divine command was issued to him to announce the call in God Almighty said:﴿And warn your closest kindred, and lower your wings to those of the believers who follow you, but if they disobey you, say, “I am innocent of what you do.”﴾. It was stated in the biography of Ibn Ishaq: When the aforementioned verses were revealed, the Messenger of God (may God bless him and grant him peace) called. Ali bin Abi Talib (peace be upon him) and said to him: “Then make for us, O Ali, a sheep for a sa’ of food, and prepare for us a cup of milk, then gather for me the sons of Abd al-Muttalib.” So they gathered for him on that day, and they were forty men or less, including his uncles: Abu Talib, Hamza, Al-Abbas, and Abu Lahab, who was one of those who disbelieved in his religion, presented Ali to them with that vine, and the Messenger of God (may God bless him and grant him peace) took a shoe from it and split it with his teeth, then threw it on its sides, then said: “Eat in the name of God.” Then the Messenger of God said: “Give them a drink, O Ali,” so he gave them water to drink. With that cup, they drank until they were all drunk, and I swear to God - as he said Ali (A) - If a man was one of them, he would drink something like that. When the Messenger of God wanted to speak to them, Abu Lahab went to talk and said to them: “How severely your friend has bewitched you!” They dispersed, and the Messenger of God (may God bless him and grant him peace) did not speak to them.

When the next day came, the Messenger of God said: “O Ali, bring back to us the same food and drink that you made for us yesterday, for this man has brought to me what I heard before I spoke to the people.” So Ali (peace be upon him) did that, then he gathered them to him, so he made The Messenger of God (may God’s prayers and peace be upon him) did just as he had done yesterday, so they ate until they forbade it, then they drank from that bowl until they stopped drinking it, and God swore that a man among them would eat the same and drink the same, then the Messenger of God said: “O sons of Abdul Muttalib, by God, I do not know a young man from among them.” The Arabs brought to their people better than what I brought to you. I have brought to you the best of this world and the hereafter. Al-Tabari added: Then the Messenger of God (PBUH) spoke and said: “O Banu Abdul Muttalib, by God, I do not know of a young man among the Arabs who brought to his people better than what I brought to you. Indeed, I have brought to you the best of this world and the hereafter.” God Almighty has commanded me to invite you to Him. Which of you will support me in this matter and be my brother, guardian, and successor among you? All the people refrained from doing so, so he said Ali (peace be upon him): “O Prophet of God, I will be your minister over him, so he took hold of my neck.” Then he said: “This is my brother, my guardian, and my successor among you, so listen to him and obey.” Other historians and biographers recorded the story.

Thus, the number of Muslims began to increase, which aroused the anger and anxiety of the Quraysh, so they went to his uncle and protector, Abu Talib (peace be upon him), offering him Amara ibn al-Walid ibn al-Mughirah. They said to him: “O Abu Talib, this is Amara ibn al-Walid, the most beautiful young man in the Quraysh - according to their claim - and the hairiest and most beautiful, so take him to his thigh.” So you have his mind and his support, and take him as a son, and he is yours, and hand over to us this son of yours who has dissented from your religion and the religion of your fathers, divided the group of your people, and made fools of their dreams, so we kill him, for he is a man like a man!” He said: “By God, it is evil what you do to me. You give me your son, I feed him to you, and I give you my son, you kill him. This, by God, will never be.”

The Quraysh would not have harmed the Messenger (may God bless him and grant him peace) more than that, according to the laws and decisions of the Quraysh and for fear of the reaction of Bani Hashim, but they directed their anger at the Muslims who followed him, such as Bilal, the family of Yasir, and...

When the confrontation intensified between the Messenger (PBUH) and the believers on the one hand and the polytheists on the other hand, the leaders of the Quraish came again to Abu Talib (PBUH), offering him mediation between them and his nephew. He (PBUH) said: “By God, if they put the sun in my right and the moon in my left on condition that I abandon this matter until God makes it victorious or I perish therein, I would not abandon it, but they would give me a word by which they would rule the Arabs, and the non-Arabs would rule over them, and they would be kings in Paradise.” Abu Talib (peace be upon him) said to him: “O my nephew, say whatever you want, for by God I will never surrender you to anything.”

With this, a new chapter began, one of the most difficult, troublesome and difficult chapters of his life. Because up to that time, the Quraysh were still respecting his sanctity and reverence, and were patient in confronting him, but as soon as they failed in their plans to drag him into a bargain with them, they changed their approach and style with him to stop the spread of his religion, no matter what that cost them, benefiting in this way from all possible means.

Muslim migration to Abyssinia

When the efforts of the Quraish to confront the Noble Prophet (PBUH) and stop his preaching movement to spread the message failed, they began to tighten the noose around him and the group of believers with him, so they imprisoned them and tortured them with beatings and hunger, leaving them in the sand of Mecca, and cauterizing them with fire. To tempt them from their religion, so when the Messenger of God (may God bless him and grant him peace) saw the affliction befalling his companions, he said: “If you go out to the land of Abyssinia, there is a king there who will not be wronged by anyone, and it is a land of honesty, until God provides you with relief and a way out of what you are in.” So the Muslims left and left their land and money, fearing sedition, and fleeing to God with their religion.

So the Quraysh sent a delegation equipped with gifts and antiques for the Negus, the Patriarchs, and his entourage. The delegation was composed of: Amr ibn al-Aas and Abdullah ibn Abi Rabia. When they arrived in Abyssinia, they presented the Negus with his gift, and he accepted it from them. Then they talked to him about the mission for which they had come, so the Negus sent to the companions of the Messenger of God. (PBUH) and summoned them to him, and when they attended his council, he turned to them and said: “What is this religion in which you have separated from your people and have not entered into my religion, nor into the religion of any of these sects?” So he took the answer on behalf of the Muslims, Jaafar bin Abi Talib, saying:

“O King, we were a people of pre-Islamic times who worshiped idols, ate dead meat, and committed immoral acts... until God sent to us a messenger from among us whose lineage, honesty, honesty, and chastity we knew, so he called us to God to unite Him and worship Him... Then when they oppressed us, tortured us, and oppressed us, we went out to your country, and we chose you over those who Except you, and we desired your side, and we hoped that we would not be unfair to you, O king.”

Al-Najashi turned to the Quraish delegation and said to them: “Go, but by God, I will not hand them over to you.”

Siege of Bani Hashim

When the efforts of the Quraish to limit the expansion of the Islamic call failed and the failure of the delegation sent to the Negus, they unanimously decided to boycott the Prophet (PBUH) and all those who supported him. Bani HashemThey wrote a newspaper regarding this decision, which stated:

• That they should not buy from the supporters of the Prophet (PBUH) or sell anything to them.
• Not to marry them or to marry them.
• Not to eat them or speak to them.
• To be one hand against “Muhammad” and his supporters.

The unjust newspaper was signed and hung inside the Kaaba.

So Abu Talib (peace be upon him) gathered Bani Hashim and placed them in a group that he had on the outskirts of Mecca, and they remained there in the worst of conditions.

The siege of Bani Hashim continued for between two and three years until the food and money they had from Abu Talib (peace be upon him) and Khadija (peace be upon him) ran out, and after that they were forced to feed on tree leaves, and their boys were starving, and the Muslims remained in the people of Abu Talib (peace be upon him). They suffer from hunger and deprivation, and they do not leave it except during the season, or with what some of the opponents of the siege provide them with. It was narrated that Hakim bin Hizam - Khadija’s nephew - went out one day with someone carrying food to his aunt Khadija bint Khuwaylid, when Abu Jahl met him and said to him: “Go.” With food to Bani Hashim? By God, you and your food will not leave until I expose you to the Quraysh in Mecca.” Abu Al-Bakhtari - who was one of the polytheists - said to him: “You prevent him from sending food to his aunt that he had?”

Abu Jahl refused to let him go unless he took him to the Quraysh, so Abu Al-Bakhtari went to him with a camel’s leg and hit him. Then, men from Bani Abd Manaf, Qusayy, and other members of the Quraish were blamed for this reprehensible act (the siege of Bani Hashim), and they sought to break the siege on the Hashemites. They agreed to come to their clubs, announce their rejection of the boycott, and end the siege.

It was stated in the biography of Ibn Hisham: “The Messenger of God (may God’s prayers and peace be upon him) said to his uncle Abu Talib (peace be upon him): O uncle, my Lord God has given power to the land of Quraysh, and he did not give a name except (He is God).” So Abu Talib (peace be upon him) went out to the Quraysh clubs and said: “O people of Quraysh, my nephew told me such and such, so come to your newspaper. If it is as my nephew said, then stop severing ties with us and recant what is in it, and if he is a liar, I will hand over my nephew to you.” The people all said: “You have done justice and we are satisfied, and they agreed on that.” The restaurant went to the newspaper and brought it, and it was opened in front of everyone. He found it, as the Prophet (PBUH) had told them through his uncle Abu Talib (PBUH), the earth had eaten up all of its letters except (By Your Name, O God). The newspaper was torn up and the siege was lifted from Bani Hashim.

Migration to the city

Travel to Taif

As soon as the siege was lifted on Bani Hashim and they left the people, the Most Noble Prophet (PBUH) lost two of his most staunch supporters and supporters, represented by his uncle Abu Talib (PBUH) and his wife Khadija (PBUH), in the year that was called the Year of Sorrow.

When (PBUH) did not find anyone to support him, defend him, or prevent him, he went to Taif, so he went to Thaqif in Taif and went to their masters, but they responded to him only with sarcasm and harsh sarcasm, and he did not receive any support or help from them, so (PBUH) returned from Taif to Mecca.

Medina during the mission

As soon as the Prophet (PBUH) lost hope of providing the appropriate ground for preaching in Taif, he began thinking about another place to migrate to, so Medina was his second choice after Taif. This is because the city, as some historians have recorded, was witnessing from time to time a conflict between the Jews and its Arab polytheist inhabitants, and the people of Yathrib were hearing from the Jews who were among them that this is the time of a prophet who will emerge in Mecca, and his emigrant will be in Medina. We will kill you with him, O Arabs. They were psychologically prepared to accept the religion. Which was brought by the Messenger Muhammad bin Abdullah (PBUH).

In addition to this was the bloody conflict between the tribes residing in Medina, especially between the Aws and Khazraj tribes, as they did not lay down weapons, neither by night nor by day. The last war between them was on the day of Bu’ath, in which many of both sides were killed. Both sides were tired of the war, so As’ad bin Zurarah and Dhakwan went to Mecca asking He swore to the Aws, and Asaad bin Zurarah was a friend of Utbah bin Rabi’ah, so he came to him and said to him: “There was a war between us and our people, and we have come to you asking for an oath over them.” Utbah said to him: “Our home is far from your home, and we have a job to devote to nothing,” he said. “What do you do while you are in your sanctuary and security?” Utbah said to him: “A man came out among us claiming to be the Messenger of God (may God bless him and grant him peace). He made fun of our dreams, insulted our gods, and corrupted our youth.” When Asaad heard that, what he had heard from the Jews fell into his heart.

The Aws and Khazraj had agreed to make Abdullah bin Abi bin Salul the leader of the two tribes because he did not participate in this battle, as he was respected by the two tribes and they prepared a crown for him with which they would crown him, so that he would become a prince at a certain time.

The Prophet's meeting with the Hajj delegations

In those days, the Noble Messenger (PBUH) adopted a new strategy in conveying the message, which was to present his message to the delegations of pilgrims coming to Mecca during the season. So (PBUH) went out during the season in which a group of Ansar met him, so he presented himself to the Arab tribes, as he did in every season. At Aqaba, he met a group of Ansar, who were six people from the Khazraj, so he called them to God Almighty, presented Islam to them, and recited to them the Qur’an. The words of the Prophet (PBUH) had a wonderful effect on their souls, and they responded to what he called them to, saying they believed him and accepted from him what he offered. Islam, and they said: “We have abandoned our people, and there is no people among them who has the same enmity and evil as they have, so perhaps God will bring them together with you. We will come to them and call them to your command, and present to them what we have brought you to of this religion. If God brings them together, there is no man dearer to them.” From you". When they returned and informed them of the incident, their earnest call had a positive impact on Yathrib, as it caused a group of the people of Yathrib to convert to Islam and embrace the doctrine of monotheism, and the previous prediction of the Jews had a major role in achieving that quick response.

The First Pledge of Aqaba

When the next year (i.e. the twelfth year of the mission) came to Mecca, twelve men from the people of Yathrib came to meet the Messenger of God (may God bless him and grant him peace) at Aqaba, and the first Islamic pledge of allegiance was held there.

The text of this pledge of allegiance - after recognition - of Islam and belief in God and His Messenger was:

The Messenger of God (may God bless him and grant him peace) pledged allegiance to us that we will not associate anything with God, that we will not steal, that we will not commit adultery, that we will not kill our children, that we will not bring slander that we fabricate from before our hands and feet, and that we will not disobey him in any good deed.

This group returned to Yathrib, and the Prophet (PBUH) sent Musab bin Umair to them and ordered him to read the Qur’an to them, teach them Islam, instruct them in the religion, and determine for him the state of the city.

The Second Pledge of Aqaba

When the Hajj season came for the year 13 of the mission, a large convoy of the people of Yathrib set out for Hajj, including seventy-three Muslims, including two women, until they came to Mecca and met the Messenger of God (may God bless him and grant him peace). The Messenger of God (may God bless him and grant him peace) promised them the pledge of allegiance to Aqaba.

When it was the thirteenth night of the month of Dhul-Hijjah, which was the one that the Messenger of God (PBUH) had promised them, the Messenger of God (PBUH) attended with his uncle Al-Abbas bin Abdul Muttalib, and when the council had settled with everyone, the first speaker was: Al-Abbas bin Abdul Muttalib, so he said, describing the status of the Messenger of God ( (PBUH): “O people of the Khazraj, Muhammad (PBUH) is from us as you have learned, and we have prevented him from our people, so he is in honor among his people and protected in his country, and he has refused except to side with you and join you, so if you see that you are fulfilling what you have called upon him to do. And if you see that you are surrendering to him and abandoning him after he brings him to you, then from now on, leave him alone, for he is in honor and protection from his people and his country.”

The audience said: “We have heard what you said, so speak, O Messenger of God (may God bless him and grant him peace). Take for yourself and your Lord what you like.”

Then the Messenger of God (may God bless him and grant him peace) spoke, recited the Qur’an, called to God, and desired Islam, then said: “I pledge allegiance to you on the condition that you prevent me from doing what you prevent your women and your children from doing.”

Then Al-Baraa bin Ma’rur stood up, took the Prophet (PBUH) by the hand and said: “Yes, by the One who sent you with the truth as a prophet, we will prevent you from what we prevent our kinsfolk from, so pledge allegiance to us, O Messenger of God (PBUH), for we, by God, are the sons of wars and the people of the ring (i.e., weapons) and we inherited it from one generation to another, then Everyone present pledged allegiance to him, and that pledge of allegiance was called the pledge of war.

Then the delegation returned to Yathrib, and they paved the way for the immigrants to move there, so they were called the Ansar in exchange for the Muslim immigrants who came to them.

Dar Al-Nadwa conspiracy

The Second Pledge of Aqaba was an alarm bell that rang in the Meccan community due to the dangers threatening the Meccan entity on the religious, political, economic and military levels. Hence, they decided to move the battle with the Messenger (PBUH) to an advanced step, represented by physically liquidating him. and get rid of it; That is why all the heads of the Meccan tribes met in “Dar al-Nadwa” more than once to consult on how to eliminate Islam, and they finally decided that the Quraysh would choose a young man from each tribe from among its toughest boys, and each one of them would be given a sharp sword, and they would go to him with all of them and strike him with the blow of one man. They did this, and his blood was dispersed among all the tribes, and no one from Bani Hashim could ask for his blood, so they chose his blood money over killing.

And that night God Almighty revealed to His Messenger:﴿And when those who disbelieved plotted against you to defeat you, or kill you, or expel you, and they plotted, and God plotted, and God is the best of planners.﴾. So he (may God bless him and grant him peace) presented it to his cousin Ali bin Abi Talib (PBUH) was ordered to spend the night in his bed - on the night known as the Night of Sleeping - so that he could escape and get rid of the Quraysh conspiracy, so (PBUH) went out with Abu Bakr bin Abi Quhafa, and they stayed in the Cave of Thawr for three days, and when they were secure, they went out towards Medina.

His departure from Mecca

The words of researchers and historians differed on the day on which the Messenger (PBUH) left Mecca, as well as on the day on which he entered Medina. Ibn Hisham went on to say that he (PBUH) arrived in Quba at midday on Monday, the twelfth of Rabi’ al-Awwal, and Ibn al-Kalbi specified his departure. (PBUH) on Monday, the beginning of Rabi’ al-Awwal, and his arrival in Quba was on Friday the twelfth of the same month. Some people said that his arrival was on the eighth day of Rabi’ al-Awwal. While later Muslim and European historians said that his journey lasted nine days, and his arrival in Quba was on the twelfth of Rabi’ al-Awwal in the year 14 of the mission, corresponding to the twenty-fourth of September in the year 622 AD. His migration (peace be upon him) was taken as the beginning of Islamic history.

One of the archaeological monuments built by the Prophet (PBUH) during his migration was his building of the well-known Quba Mosque.

Ali (peace be upon him) stayed in Mecca for three days and nights, until he returned the deposits that he had to the people on behalf of the Messenger of God. When he (peace be upon him) finished paying the trusts and deposits, he left. With Fatima (A) The daughter of the Messenger of God (PBUH) and his mother, Fatima bint Asad, Fatima bint Al-Zubair and others who had not migrated to Mecca until that time, so he followed them until he joined the Messenger of God (PBUH) in the house of Kulthum bin Humud. (PBUH) and those with him from Banu al-Najjar left on Friday, and prayer came to him in Banu Salem ibn Awf, and he prayed with them.

After the Friday prayer, he called for his camel and mounted it, and when the blessed caravan entered Medina, its people welcomed him with greetings, chants, and poems. Whenever the caravan passed through an Ansar neighborhood, the leaders of the neighborhood would greet him, taking the reins of the camel he was blessing, and asking him to come down among them, pleading and urging, and saying: Get down in peace. And abundance, O Prophet of God, for power, protection and wealth, so he prays for their goodness and says: Let the departing woman walk, for she is commanded. So she set off and continued to walk until she reached the site of the current mosque, the mosque of the Messenger of God (may God bless him and grant him peace), and she stood there and said her blessings, and placed her jars on the ground. That was near the door of the house of Khalid bin Zaid bin Kulayb, known as Abu Ayyub Al-Ansari, and I blessed him, so Abu Ayyub received him with joy and joy, and the man entered his house, and (may God’s prayers and peace be upon him) came down and said: The man is with his travels, so (may God bless him and grant him peace) Muadh bin Afra told him that The land belonged to two orphan boys from Bani al-Najjar, so he bought it and made it a mosque, and next to it he made a place known as al-Sifah, in which a group known as the Companions of al-Sifah lived.

The migration of the Prophet (PBUH) from Mecca to Medina represents an important turning point in the history of Islamic preaching. Because the city has turned into a center from which he (may God bless him and grant him peace) departs to convey his message to all the peoples and countries and the capital in which he establishes his government, which will be the starting point for the great Islamic state governed by the law of heaven. Hence, (PBUH) sent informants and guides to the Arab tribes, calling on them to monotheism and good morals.

When the delegations of immigrants to Medina multiplied, the Prophet (PBUH) established brotherhood between them and the Ansar. Ali bin Abi Talib (PBUH). After that, he (PBUH) concluded a treaty between the Muslims and the Jews of Medina, guaranteeing the social and religious rights of both parties.

Hypocrites and Jews

Although the overwhelming majority of the people of Medina were between those who converted to the Islamic religion and those who supported it, this does not mean that the city and its surroundings had submitted to the authority of the new religion. Abdullah bin Ubayy, who was about to confront the presidency and the crown of rule, felt that For him to become the first man in Medina that he had missed the opportunity, and that the arrival of the Noble Prophet (PBUH) to Medina deprived him of the golden opportunity that was available to him after the fierce battles that took place between the Aws and the Khazraj, so he had no choice but to pretend to be Islam and plan in secret to eliminate the religion. New by conspiring with the Jews of the city.

The Holy Qur’an warned of the danger of this group, which the first Medinan verses called hypocrites, and made clear that their danger to the message is greater than the danger of the Jews due to their pretense of religion and their mixing among the ranks of Muslims, which provides them with the appropriate ground to hide and benefit from the data of the new religion on the one hand, and attack it on the other hand. .

However, the verses of remembrance continued to monitor the movement of these people with threats and warnings, indicating that what these hypocrites are doing is not hidden from God Almighty, as in Almighty saying:﴿ When the hypocrites come to you, they say: We bear witness that you are the Messenger of God, and God knows that you are His Messenger, and God bears witness that the hypocrites are liars.﴾ . Islamic history has recorded for us that Ibn Salul’s quarrels continued until the ninth year of the Hijra, in which he died.

As for the Jews, although they were living under the auspices of the new government and the treaty concluded with them secured for them all their religious and social rights, despite their pretense of accepting peaceful coexistence with the new religion and some of them even embracing it, they renounced the treaty and betrayed the covenants. Because they see the new religion as an essential factor in taking away religious leadership from them, curtailing their economic movement, and their dominance over the economic and commercial aspects of the region. In addition, the Jews firmly believe that prophecy did not and will not come from the Children of Israel, and therefore the appearance of an Arab prophet who is not one of them means - according to what they believe - a departure from an unbreakable rule.

Through this vision and under the influence of Abdullah bin Abi, the Jews deliberately placed obstacles in front of the new Islamic entity, disavowing all covenants and agreements, and denying what they were threatening the polytheists with regarding the approaching date of the appearance of a new prophet, under the pretext that he was not the intended prophet in the Torah and the Gospel. In the face of this movement, the verses of the Holy Qur’an came to draw a distinction between the parties, and to make clear to Muslims that they are an independent nation whose roots go back to the Prophet Ibrahim (peace be upon him):

﴿ O People of the Book, why do you dispute about Abraham, when the Torah and the Gospel were not revealed except after him? Do you not understand? Why do you argue about something of which you have no knowledge, when God knows and you do not know? * Abraham was neither a Jew nor a Christian, but he was an upright Muslim, and he was not Who The polytheists﴾.

Convert the Qibla

The Noble Prophet (PBUH) prayed throughout the Meccan period and seventeen months after the migration to Medina towards Jerusalem, out of wisdom required by the divine will. The Jews had taken a hostile position against the Messenger of God (may God bless him and grant him peace) and the Muslims, with their various orientations, and fought them in various ways, means, paths, excuses, and arguments, including using the issue of the Prophet (may God bless him and grant him peace) praying to Jerusalem.

They used to say, taunting him: You are our follower and you pray towards our qibla!!

Or they used to say: O Muhammad (PBUH), you disagree with us in our religion and follow our Qiblah.

These words made the Messenger of God (may God bless him and grant him peace) distressed, and he was deeply distressed by this. He used to leave his house in the middle of the night and look at the horizons of the sky, waiting for a command and revelation from God in this regard, while he was praying the noon prayer in the Banu Salamah Mosque - which was later known as Dhul-Qiblatain. - The divine command was revealed to him during prayer to turn towards the Kaaba, as the blessed verse states:

﴿ We may see the turning of your face in the sky, so We will certainly turn your face to a direction that pleases you, so turn your face towards the Sacred Mosque, and wherever you are, turn your faces towards the And those who were given the Book know that it is the truth from their Lord, and God is not unaware of what they do.﴾ .

Changing the qiblah was like a thunderbolt that struck the Jews and hypocrites, and took away the excuse they had to disparage the new religion and shame its followers. This is strange that the Jews, who before the command to move from the Holy City to the Holy Kaaba were revealed, were proud and proud of the Muslims that they prayed in the direction of the qiblah of the Jews, and when the Muslims were turned to the Holy Kaaba and were ordered to pray there rather than the Holy Kaaba, they began to criticize the Muslims for heading to a certain point in Earth. God responded to them by saying:

﴿ The foolish among the people will say, “What turned them away from the direction of direction they used to follow?” Say, “To God belongs the East and the West. He guides whom He wills to a straight path.”﴾.

His conquests

The most important battles of the Prophet were the battles of Badr, Uhud, and Khandaq. There is a difference in the number of invasions between historians, as some count it as 26 and others as 27.

Battle of Badr

The confrontation between the Noble Prophet (PBUH) and the Quraysh was expected since the Second Pledge of Aqaba. The first battle that the Muslims invaded was the Battle of Al-Abwa or Wadan, which took place in the month of Safar of the second year, and no fighting took place in it. Then came the Battle of Buwat in Rabi’ al-Awwal of the same year, and no fighting took place in it either.

In the middle of the month of Jumada al-Awwal of the second year of the Hijra, the news came that the Quraysh trade caravan was leaving Mecca, led by Abu Sufyan, and wanted to trade in the Levant. The Quraysh had collected all their money in that caravan, so the Messenger of God (may God bless him and grant him peace) went out with a group of his companions to intercept it until he reached the same clan and remained. (PBUH) was in the same clan waiting for the Quraysh caravan, but he did not succeed in it. Either because the convoy changed its route or because it was able to cross the cordon that the Muslims created for it after the eyes informed it of this until it crossed the danger zone.

While the Prophet (PBUH) and his companions were monitoring the caravan, news came to him that the Quraysh were marching towards Medina to protect their trade caravan, and that their army had reached the outskirts of the area where Muslims were present, and that multiple sects had contributed and participated in the formation of this army. The Prophet (PBUH) decided not to withdraw, but to fight the enemy with whatever equipment and numbers he had available, even if they were few, and to resist the polytheists until the last moment and his last breath. The battle took place near the wells of Badr, in which the Muslims won a brilliant victory, and the polytheists lost many dead and captured. One of the most famous people killed in the battle was Abu Jahl, along with seventy polytheists, while 14 Muslims were martyred. By Ali bin Abi Talib (A) played a prominent role in that battle, as he was able to eliminate many of the Quraysh’s strongmen and brave men.

Confrontation with the Jews

Historical sources stated that the first confrontation that took place between Muslims and Jews was several weeks after the Battle of Badr, when the Jews of Banu Qaynuqa dominated the markets and blacksmithing. One day, an Arab woman came to the market of Banu Qaynuqa and sat with a jeweler, selling or buying her jewelry. A man from the Jews of Banu Qaynuqa approached her and sat behind her while she was not aware, so he tied the bottom of her dress to her back. When the woman stood up, her private parts were exposed, and they laughed at her and she shouted. Then a Muslim man jumped to that Jewish man and killed him. The Banu Qaynuqa gathered and attacked the Muslim and killed him, so the people of Qaynuqa’ screamed. The murdered Muslim attacked the Muslims against the Jews, and the Muslims became extremely angry.

The Noble Prophet (PBUH) had completed the argument against them before that when he (PBUH) stood in their market after gathering them in it and then said to them:

“O community of Jews, beware of God like the wrath that befell Quraysh, and submit to Islam, for you have known that I am the Messenger of God (may God bless him and grant him peace). You will find that in your book and God’s covenant with you.”

But the Jews did not simply thank the Prophet (PBUH) for this advice or remain silent. Rather, they responded to him with stubbornness, arrogance, and arrogance, saying: “O Muhammad (PBUH), do not be deceived by whoever you meet, for you have only vanquished an invading people - that is, they have no knowledge of war - and we are the sons of war. You fought us so that you would know that you did not fight like us.”

Here the saying of God Almighty was revealed:

﴿ Say to those who disbelieve: You will be defeated and gathered into Hell, and evil is the resting place. * Indeed, there was a sign for you in two groups that met. One group is fighting in the path of God and another is disbeliever. They see them as equal to them, the view of the eye. And God supports with His victory whom He wills. Indeed, in that is a lesson for those with sight.﴾ The Holy Quran, Surah Al Imran: Verse 12-13.

So the Messenger of God (PBUH) ordered them to besiege them, so he besieged them in their fortresses for fifteen nights with the most severe siege, until God cast terror into their hearts, and they lost the ability to resist, and were content to submit to the ruling of the Prophet (PBUH) over them!! The Messenger of God (PBUH) wanted to discipline that group that was the first to break the covenant. But Abdullah bin Ubayy bin Salul, who was one of the hypocrites of Medina and pretended to be a Muslim, insisted on the Messenger of God (PBUH) treating them well, so he (PBUH) ordered that they be evacuated from Medina, so they left Medina and joined an area called Adhra’at, which is a country on the outskirts of the Levant.

Battle of Uhud

The events of this battle occurred in the third year of the Hijra. This is because when the Quraysh felt the bitterness of defeat in the Battle of Badr, in which several of the polytheists and their elders were killed, they began to prepare for revenge, so they prepared, under the leadership of Abu Sufyan, an army of fighting men accompanied by women who were nurses and encouraged to fight. The opinion of the Noble Prophet (PBUH) was to remain in Medina and fight the polytheists, but the opinion later settled on going out to the Mount Uhud area, and the two armies met there.

The battle led to the defeat of the Muslims after their victory at the beginning of the battle as a result of a group of Muslims not adhering to the orders of the Messenger (PBUH) and following his plan. Some fighters evacuated the important strategic location that the Messenger of God (PBUH) had ordered them not to leave no matter what happened. Khalid bin Al-Walid took advantage of this loophole and climbed. The mountain, which changed the balance of the battle in favor of the polytheists, and many martyrs fell, led by Hamza bin Abdul Muttalib, the uncle of the Prophet (PBUH). The Prophet (PBUH) suffered many wounds, and it was rumored among the Muslims that he had been killed, which contributed to weakening the fighting spirit among the Muslims, so they returned to Medina. Broken people feel bitterness and pain, so verses were revealed from the Holy Qur’an that belittle this and urge Muslims to persevere in confrontation and that defeat in a battle does not mean absolute defeat and loss of the entire situation.

The Battle of Banu Nadir, Dumat al-Jandal

In the fourth year of the Hijra, some movements took place on the outskirts of the city that revealed bad intentions and dangerous situations that heralded the occurrence of an alliance against the Islamic State, such as what happened in Sarayet al-Raja’ and Sarayat Bir Ma’una, when many preachers and informers fell as martyrs at the hands of the polytheists in the Raja’ area. In that year, a strong confrontation took place between the Muslims and the Banu al-Nadir, after an incident in which they conspired to kill the Messenger of God (PBUH), and the battle ended with their evacuation from the region.

In the following year, the Messenger of God (may God bless him and grant him peace) wanted to approach the lowest part of the Levant, so the Messenger of God (may God bless him and grant him peace) mourned for the people, so the Muslims went out with him. When the Messenger of God (may God bless him and grant him peace) approached Dumat al-Jandal, the news came to the people of Dumat al-Jandal, so they dispersed, and the Messenger of God (may God bless him and grant him peace) descended. In their yard, he did not find anyone there.

The Battle of Al-Ahzab, Banu Qurayza, and Banu Al-Mustaliq

In the fourth year, Abu Sufyan moved with a group of fighters towards the Badr region to confront the Muslims there, but he changed his position and returned to Mecca. Which weakened his position and undermined his leadership of the polytheists, so he prepared again, at the instigation of the Jews, to confront the Muslims with a large and organized army in a battle known later as the Battle of the Parties or the Trench.

It was stated in biography and history books: In the month of Shawwal of the fifth year of the Hijra, the Quraish and a group of Bedouins from Banu Sulaym, Banu Asad, Fazara, the Ghatfan tribe, and the Jews of Banu al-Nadir agreed to attack the Prophet (PBUH) in Medina, supported in this by the Jews of Banu Qurayza who lived on the outskirts of Medina. Abu Sufyan moved with an army of more than ten thousand people, consisting of knights and foot soldiers, and their news reached the Messenger of God (may God bless him and grant him peace) through a group of Khuza’ah who came to him and informed him of the gathering that the Quraysh and their Arab and Jewish allies had prepared to invade him. So the Prophet (PBUH) gathered a group of his companions, and told them what the Quraysh and their allies had agreed upon, and consulted with them about what should be taken to prevent them from entering the city. So Salman Al-Farsi advised him to dig a trench from the direction from which the polytheists could enter. The Prophet and his companions approved of this opinion and ordered it to be dug, and he proceeded. The Muslims worked hard to dig the trench until they completed it in six days, as stated in the narration of Al-Tabari and others. The polytheists approached with their equipment and numbers until they came down to the other side of the trench. The polytheists stayed for days, while the Muslims faced them, sometimes shooting arrows at them.

When the Prophet (PBUH) found that the affliction was intensifying among the Muslims, he sent for Saad bin Muadh and Saad bin Ubadah, and he consulted them about reconciling with the Banu Ghatafan over a third of the fruits of Medina so that they would withdraw from fighting the Muslims. They said to him: O Messenger of God (may God bless him and grant him peace), is it something you love so we can do it, or something God has commanded you to do, or something you do for us? Then the Prophet (PBUH) said, “Rather, I will do something for you in order to break their burden on you.” Then Saad bin Muadh said to him: “By God, we have no need for this. By God, we will not give it to them except by the sword until God judges between us and them.” Then the face of the Messenger of God (PBUH) lit up, and he said: “You are that.” . While they were like this, Amr bin Abd Wad Al-Amiri, Ikrimah bin Abi Jahl, Hubayra bin Abi Wahb, Nawfal bin Abdullah, and Dirar bin Al-Khattab bin Mardas came towards the trench and found a narrow place in the trench, so they struck their horses and stormed to the other side, and they started roaming between the trench and the Muslim camp, and in At that time, the Commander of the Faithful (peace be upon him) advanced to fight Amr bin Abd Wad Al-Amiri, and when he defeated him, the rest fled.

While he (may God’s prayers and peace be upon him) was thinking about an action that would alleviate the severity of the situation and lead to dispersing the people and causing discord among them, then Nu’im bin Masoud slipped through the gap, and the Prophet (may God bless him and grant him peace) came and said to him: I have converted to Islam and believed in your message, O Messenger of God (may God bless him and grant him peace). And if my people did not know that I was a Muslim, then command me as you wish. The Messenger of God (may God bless him and grant him peace) found the opportunity to direct him to spread division among the people, as long as they respect his opinion and believe that he is one of them. So he said to him: You are only one man, so abandon us as much as you can, for war is a deception. So Naeem bin Masoud went out and accomplished the task perfectly. The parties were torn apart and withdrew in despair, after a strong, violent wind blew, accompanied by rain and lightning that they were not familiar with. The storms and rains continued to intensify until their tents were uprooted and their pots were exhausted.

When the Messenger (peace be upon him) and his companions returned from the Battle of the Trench and entered the city with the banner still tied, he wanted to wash off the dust, so Gabriel (peace be upon him) called him: God commands you not to pray the afternoon prayer except with the Banu Qurayza. So (PBUH) came out and asked Ali (PBUH) To call out to the people that no one should pray the afternoon prayer except in Banu Qurayza. The Messenger of God (may God’s prayers and peace be upon him) left, and the people followed him. They hastened to the Banu Qurayza and besieged them. When they besieged them for 25 nights and the siege became intense, they came down to the ruling of the Messenger of God (may God’s prayers and peace be upon him), and Saad bin Muadh - after the Jews had chosen him to control them - ruled over them, ruling that the men be killed and taken captive. Women and...in a story mentioned by historians.

Some researchers and investigators have questioned this arbitration case, including Dr. Al-Shahidi, who argued that the story was one of the innovations of the Arab mentality long after the battle, as it was written by the pens of some Khazrajis to suggest that they were the most powerful in the eyes of the Messenger of God (may God bless him and grant him peace), as he respected their allies and did not kill them at a time when he did not respect them. The Aws did not intercede for their allies, in addition to the living that the chief of the Aws did not respect his allies and did not honor covenants with them.

Also in the sixth year of the Hijra, the Muslims were able to defeat Bani al-Mustaliq after the Messenger (PBUH) learned that their leader was preparing supplies and gathering fighting men to besiege the city and invade it. So the Messenger of God (PBUH) decided to invade them in their homeland, so the Messenger of God (PBUH) went out in He gathered his companions until he met them at a water called “Al-Muraisi’,” and war broke out between them and the Muslims, but the steadfastness and valor of the Muslims meant that the fighting between the Muslims and the Banu Al-Mustaliq did not last long, so the enemy army dispersed, killing ten of them.

Peace of Hudaybiyyah

In the month of Dhul-Qa'dah of the sixth year of the Hijri year, the Prophet (PBUH) left Medina, heading to Mecca for Umrah and Hajj, and ordered the sacrificial camels to be taken. But as soon as he reached Al-Hudaybiyyah, he found that the Quraysh had formed a strong barrier against the Muslims entering Mecca, and the Quraysh sent Khalid bin Al-Walid and Ikrimah bin Abi Jahl to prevent the Muslims from entering Mecca. Not a warrior.

When the Quraysh insisted on preventing the Prophet (PBUH) from leaving the House, the Prophet said to his companions: “We will not leave until we speak with the people.” He asked the Muslims to pledge allegiance, and they pledged allegiance to him for conquest or martyrdom. When the news of the new pledge of allegiance to the Prophet (PBUH) reached the Quraysh, they feared him, so they sent him to make peace, so he reconciled with them and a peace agreement and truce was concluded that included the following articles and conditions:

• The Muslims and the Quraysh pledged to abandon war for ten years during which the people would be safe and spare each other.

• Whoever comes to Muhammad (PBUH) from Quraysh without the permission of his guardian will return him to them, and whoever comes to Quraysh from among those with Muhammad (PBUH) will not return him to him.

• Whoever wants to enter into the contract and covenant of Muhammad (PBUH) (i.e., ally with him) can enter into it, and whoever wants to enter into the contract and covenant of the Quraysh can enter into it.

• That Muhammad (PBUH) returns with his companions to Medina this year and does not enter Mecca, but rather enters Mecca next year with his companions and stays there for three days, and does not enter there with any weapons except the weapons of the traveler, swords in the bag.

• That no one should force him to leave his religion, that Muslims should worship God openly and freely in Mecca, that Islam should be apparent in Mecca, and that no one should be harmed or reproached.

• There is no stealing or shackles (betrayal). Rather, both parties respect the other party’s money and do not betray or steal from him.

• That the Quraysh do not aid anyone against Muhammad (PBUH) and his companions with a person or a weapon.

Some of our companions objected to the reconciliation out of ignorance of the depth of the treaty and the skill shown by the Noble Messenger (PBUH) in dealing with the situation. That treaty opened the doors to a great victory for the Muslims after the polytheists recognized the existence of the Muslims and submitted to their power and that they were an entity to be reckoned with, after they had looked up to them. A look of contempt and contempt, and they work to eradicate their presence from the earth.

In addition, the treaty removed from the hand of the Quraish the pressure on the tribes and made them free to choose the religion they wanted to follow. Thus, the Messenger (PBUH) was able to break the ties of the Qurayshi alliance on the one hand, and on the other hand, the treaty provided those allied with the Messenger (PBUH) with the opportunity for a safe life in accordance with one of the clauses of the treaty. Otherwise, the treaty is cancelled, and this is what actually happened, as historians recorded that: When the Messenger of God returned God (may God bless him and grant him peace) came to Medina. Abu Basir Utbah bin Usayd bin Jariyah Al-Thaqafi, who was a Muslim, came to him and was among those imprisoned in Mecca. Al-Azhar bin Awf and Al-Akhnas bin Shariq wrote about him, and they sent there a man from Banu Amir bin Luay, and with him a servant of theirs, so the Messenger of God said: P.S.: To Abu Basir: You have learned that we have given these people a covenant, and treachery is not permissible in our religion. So he set out with them, so they went out with him until they reached Dhu al-Hulayfah. He fled until he landed on the coast of the sea on the Quraysh road to the Levant. The Muslims who were imprisoned in Mecca were informed of that, so they went out to Abu Basir. They joined him, including Abu Jandal bin Suhail, and about seventy of them gathered to him, and they were upset with the Quraysh as they were blocking the caravan that was theirs. So the Quraysh sent to the Messenger of God (may God bless him and grant him peace) pleading with God and the Merciful about what he had sent to them and to save them from them. Whoever of them came to him would be safe, so he (may God bless him and grant him peace) sent to them and they came to him safe and sound. Thus, the way was paved for the conquest of Mecca.

When the Prophet (PBUH) was somewhat reassured after the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah regarding the Quraysh and the Arabs who were still polytheistic, he then proceeded to send his preachers to the rulers of the Persians, the Romans, Oman, Al-Yamamah and other countries adjacent to the borders of the Hijaz.

Battle of Khaybar

The Prophet (PBUH) did not leave the Jews who were still outside Medina as they were, as he feared their treachery. The Jews are more hostile to Islam than the Arabs and others, and they may find someone from the countries bordering the borders of the Hijaz to move them and entice them to help. He did not stay in Medina for more than a month after his return from Hudaybiyyah - as is common among historians - until he announced his opinion to his companions, and ordered them to prepare for the invasion of Khaybar, and when the Jews felt that he had fallen into their hands, and that they had actually lost the battle, and that the Muslims would capture them and kill them if they remained Their position, so they asked for reconciliation from the Prophet (PBUH), and he granted them that and kept them working on the land on the condition that they would get half of its fruits in exchange for their work.

Historians mentioned in their explanation of the events of the battle that the Messenger of God (PBUH) sent Abu Bakr with his white banner to some of the forts of Khaybar, so he returned and did not do anything, then on the second day he sent Omar bin Al-Khattab and his share was the share of his companion. In Al-Tabari’s narration on the authority of Abu Buraidah Al-Aslami: When Omar bin Al-Khattab went out with the banner and the people rose with him and met with the people of Khaybar, Omar and his companions were exposed and they returned to the Messenger of God (may God bless him and grant him peace). His companions cowardly treated him and them, and the fighting continued, and whenever he gave the banner to someone, he returned disappointed or deserted. When the Muslims were exhausted and most of their provisions were exhausted, the Prophet (PBUH) said: “By God, tomorrow I will give the banner to a man who loves God and His Messenger, and whom God and His Messenger love».

Ibn Hisham narrated on the authority of Ibn Ishaq that he said: “Abdullah bin Al-Hassan told me on the authority of some of his family, on the authority of Abu Rafi’, the freedman of the Messenger of God (PBUH).” He said: “We went out with Ali bin Abi Talib (PBUH) when the Messenger of God (PBUH) sent him with his banner, so when he approached From the fort, its people went out to him, and he fought them, but a Jewish man struck him, and his shield fell from his hand, so Ali (peace be upon him) took a door that was at the fort, and he shielded himself with it, and he remained in his hand while he was fighting until God granted him victory, then he threw it from his hand when he was done. You saw me with a group of seven people, the eighth of whom was with me, struggling to move that door, but we did not move it.”

Umrah Al-Qadha and visiting the Holy House of God

When the sixth year ended, and Dhul-Qa'dah of the seventh year came, he (may God bless him and grant him peace) decided that he and his companions would go out to Mecca to perform the Hajj rituals, as had been agreed upon between him and the Quraysh in Al-Hudaybiyyah. So his herald called out to the people to prepare to travel to Mecca, and the people eagerly rushed to respond. With this request, the Prophet (PBUH) left Medina with two thousand immigrants and Ansar. When it became close to Mecca, its leaders departed from it to the tops of the mountains and hills adjacent to it, and the Muslims descended from the north of Mecca. When the Messenger of God (may God bless him and grant him peace) entered the mosque, and the Quraysh were looking at him from the tops of the mountains, they were amazed at this sight. In those moments, many of the men of Quraish realized that the long battle and intense confrontation had ended in favor of the Noble Prophet (PBUH), and that the signs of collapse in the Quraishi ranks had become clear, so some of them joined the Messenger of God (PBUH) in Medina, declaring their Islam, including Khalid bin Al-Walid and Amr bin Al-Aas.

Calling on the rulers of other countries to convert to Islam

The Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) sent letters to the kings and rulers of the world in his time. He used as evidence what he (PBUH) wrote to the kings of his time at that time: to Caesar, King of the Romans, to Chosroes, the Great of Persians, to Negus II, King of Abyssinia, to Al-Muqawqis, the Great of the Copts, and what he wrote to Ibn Abi Shamar, Bakr bin Wa’il, and to Al-Hurmuzan, Chosroes’ governor. The basis for this is the occurrence of the phrase: (He converted to Islam) in some of his letters.

The conquest of Mecca and what happened after it

Article Three of the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah stipulated that both the Quraysh and the Muslims could ally with whomever of the tribes they wished, so Khuza’a allied with the Muslims, and the Messenger of God (PBUH) pledged to Khuza’a in this alliance to defend their land, their money, and their lives whenever they were exposed to danger, and they requested that. . The Banu Kinanah tribe - who were traditional enemies of Khuza'a - allied with the Quraysh.

After two years had passed from the date of signing this treaty, during which the people were living in peace, prosperity, security and stability, the Quraish violated this paragraph of the treaty, as they took the initiative to distribute weapons to the Banu Bakr tribe from Kinana, and to incite them to spend the night in the Khuza’a who were allied with the Muslims. They attacked them at night, killed a group, captured others, and some of them even participated in the raid on Khuza’a.!!

It was not long before a group of Khuza'ah came to the city to the Messenger of God (may God bless him and grant him peace), and they told him what the Quraysh and Banu Bakr had done by killing the boys of Khuza'a. The Messenger of God (may God bless him and grant him peace) was upset with the Quraysh for their treachery and their breach of the covenant, and he promised Khuza'ah victory. At that time, the Quraysh felt remorse and were afraid of the Prophet’s response. They realized that what they had done was a violation of the term and covenant between them and the Messenger of God (may God’s prayers and peace be upon him), and that he (may God’s prayers and peace be upon him) would not let this crime pass without a decisive and decisive response. That is why it took the initiative to dispatch its leader, Abu Sufyan bin Harb bin Umayyah, to Medina to address the situation and confirm that the Quraysh respected the peace treaty. However, the Messenger (PBUH) did not respond to him, indicating that he did not care for him.

In order to achieve this goal, conquering Mecca, ending the arrogance of the Quraysh, and carrying out the sacred mission without bloodshed, he (PBUH) used the method of surprising the enemy. The necessary arrangements were made in complete secrecy, so that the enemy did not know about them, and (PBUH) announced the general mobilization to conquer Mecca, praying to God: Oh God, take the eyes and news from the Quraysh until we surprise them in their country.

At the beginning of the month of Ramadan in the eighth year of the Hijra, many people, numbering ten thousand fighters, gathered and marched until they arrived at Mar al-Dhahran. God had kept his news from the Quraysh, but they were anxious about fear. Al-Abbas feared that the Quraish would avoid them if the army surprised them before they were safe, so he mounted the Prophet’s mule (may God’s prayers and peace be upon him) and went spying. Abu Sufyan, Badil bin Warqa’ and Hakim bin Hizam had gone out to investigate the news. Meanwhile, Al-Abbas had come to Al-Arak to meet someone from the desert to warn the people of Mecca, when he heard the voice of Ubayy. Sufyan and Badil saw the fire of the soldiers, and Badil said: The fire of Bani Khuza’a, and Abu Sufyan said: Khuza’a is too humiliated for this to be its fire and its soldiers.

Al-Abbas said:

This is the Messenger of God (may God’s prayers and peace be upon him) among the people, and by God, if he overpowers you, he will kill you in the morning of the Quraysh, so follow behind me. And he took him to the camp. So the Messenger of God (may God bless him and grant him peace) ordered Abbas to carry it to his trip and bring it to him in the morning. When he brought it, he (may God bless him and grant him peace) said to him: Is it not time for you to know that there is no god but God? He said, “May my father and mother be sacrificed for you. I will not treat you, honor you, and give you peace. By God, I know that if he had a god other than Him, he would be of no use to us.” He said, “Woe to you, is it not time for you to know that I am the Messenger of God?” He said, “May my father and mother be sacrificed for you. I will not bear you, honor you, and give you peace.” As for this woman, there is something in her soul about her. and. Al-Abbas said to him: Woe to you. He converted to Islam before he beheaded you, so he converted to Islam. Al-Abbas said: O Messenger of God (may God bless him and grant him peace), Abu Sufyan is a man who loves pride, so give him something.

He said:

Yes, whoever enters Abu Sufyan’s house is safe, and whoever closes his door is safe, and whoever enters the mosque is safe. Then Abbas ordered Abu Sufyan to stop at the mouth of the valley so that he could see the soldiers of God, so he did so, and the tribes passed by him tribe after tribe, until the boat of the Messenger of God came ( r) Of the Muhajireen and the Ansar, with white shields on them. He said, “Who are these?” Al-Abbas said: This is the Messenger of God (may God bless him and grant him peace) among the immigrants and the Ansar. He said: The kingdom of your nephew has become great. He said: O Abu Sufyan, this is prophecy. He said: So it is! Al-Abbas said to him: Go to your people. So he came to Mecca and informed them of what surrounded them and what the Prophet (PBUH) had said about whoever came to the mosque or Abu Sufyan’s house or closed its door.

In Ibn Hisham’s narration on the authority of Ibn Ishaq: He arranged the army and gave Saad bin Ubadah the banner, so he went on to say: Today is the day of the epic, today the sanctity will be taken captive. The Prophet (PBUH) was informed of this, so he ordered Alia (PBUH) took the flag from him and called: Today is the day of mercy. Then the Messenger of God (PBUH) entered the mosque, and circumambulated the Kaaba reciting the Talbiyah: There is no god but Allah alone with no partner. He kept his promise, gave victory to his servant, and defeated the parties alone.

After he completed the ceremonies of circumambulation and visitation and purified the house of the idols installed in it, he turned to the Quraysh, who were living in a state of anxiety and fear of the reaction of the Prophet (PBUH) due to the fierce war and fierce confrontation they carried out with the believers, saying: “O people of Quraysh and oh people of Mecca.” What do you think I am doing to you? They said: Good, generous brother and generous nephew. Then he said: “Go, for you are free.”

After spending two weeks, he returned to Medina.

The Battle of Hunayn

When he (may God bless him and grant him peace) descended into Wadi Hunayn and were in a strait between two mountains, the Hawazin brigades suddenly came out against them from every direction. The Banu Sulaym were defeated, and they were at the front - the front of the Muslim army - and what was behind them was defeated, and they remained steadfast. Ali (peace be upon him) and with him the general, fighting them with a group of Bani Abdul Muttalib and a group of Muslims surrounding the Messenger of God (peace be upon him). When the Messenger of God (may God bless him and grant him peace) saw the defeat of the people on his behalf, he called out to them: O people of Ansar, where am I, Messenger of God (may God bless him and grant him peace), but none of them turned away. Then he (may God’s prayers and peace be upon him) said to Abu Sufyan bin Al-Harith: He handed me a handful of pebbles. He handed it to me and threw it in the faces of the people and said: The faces were astonished. Then he raised his head to the sky and said: Oh God, if this gang perishes, you will not worship, and if you wish, you will not worship, you will not worship. God repelled their plot, and when the Ansar and the rest of the Muslims heard Abbas’s call to them, they retreated and said: “Labbayk,” then they turned and broke the hilts of their swords, saying: “Labbayk,” and they passed by the Messenger of God (may God’s prayers and peace be upon him) and were ashamed to return to him and followed the banner, so victory descended from God, Blessed and Most High.

The Battle of Tabuk

The presence of Ali (peace be upon him) in Medina was annoyed. The hypocrites, and that is why they shuddered at him, and spread malicious rumors to the effect that the Messenger of God (may God bless him and grant him peace) did not leave Ali (may God bless him and grant him peace) except as a burden to him. In order to dispel this malicious rumor and discredit these words, Ali (peace be upon him) took his weapon and went out until he came to the Messenger of God (peace be upon him) while he was descending on the cliff, and said: “O Prophet of God (peace be upon him), the hypocrites claimed that you only succeeded me, that you made me burdensome and treated me lightly.” The Messenger of God (PBUH) said without ceasing: “They lied, but I left you behind when I left behind me, so take my place in my family and your family. Would you not be satisfied, O Ali (peace be upon him), to be to me what Aaron was to Moses, except that there is no prophet after me?».

After a long journey, the Muslim army arrived at the beginning of the month of Shaban in the ninth year of the Hijra in the land of Tabuk, but without seeing a trace of the Roman army.

At this moment, the Messenger of Islam (PBUH) gathered the heads of his army, and according to the Islamic principle “and consult them about the matter,” he consulted them about advancing into enemy territory or returning to Medina.

The result of the consultation was the return of the Islamic army to Medina due to the many hardships it had endured in this battle, to regain its activity and strength. This is in addition to the fact that the Muslims achieved their lofty goal of this battle, which was to disperse the Roman army and dissipate their gathering after casting extreme terror in their hearts. Thus, the Messenger (PBUH) achieved what he wanted, and the tribes flocked to convert to Islam in that year, which was known as the Year of Delegations.

Year of delegations

The Farewell Pilgrimage and Ghadir Khumm

When the Most Noble Messenger (may God bless him and grant him peace) completed his rituals and those with him, he departed and returned to Medina, with others from the crowd with him, and he reached Ghadir Khumm, which is close to Al-Juhfa, where the roads of civilians, Egyptians, and Iraqis diverge. Trustworthy Gabriel (peace be upon him) came down to him on the authority of God Almighty, commanding him to establish Ali (peace be upon him) informed the people and informed them of the guardianship and obedience imposed on everyone. So he ordered the Messenger of God (peace and blessings of God be upon him) to return those who came forward and imprison those who fell behind in that place until when the people had taken their places, they thanked and praised God, then he said:

“O people, I will soon be called and I will answer.” And he took a hand Ali (peace be upon him), so he raised it until the whites of their armpits were visible and all the people recognized it, then he said: Whoever I am his master, then Ali is his master. O God, befriend whomever supports him, be hostile to whomever is hostile to him, love whomever loves him, hate whomever he hates, support whomever supports him, abandon whomever he abandons, and administer justice with him wherever he turns..

As soon as he (PBUH) returned to Medina, he began to move towards the empire that neighbors him from the northern borders of the peninsula, taking into account it for fear that it would invade the Islamic countries, but he preferred to invade them before he invaded him, and to impose his presence and prestige on them before they attacked him. So he sent his first company to Mu'tah, where his three leaders were martyred: Jaafar Ibn Abi Talib (peace be upon him), Zaid Ibn Haritha, Abdullah Ibn Rawahah, and a group of his soldiers. After the return of the rest of the men of the company, the Prophet (PBUH) ordered Usama bin Zaid to set the horses on the borders of Balqa and the Romans, close to Mu’tah, where his father was killed, and to descend on the enemies of God in the blindness of the morning and massacre them, killing and displacing them, and to do so with the utmost speed possible. Before news of him reaches them.

However, Zaid was not able to go out to his death - for reasons mentioned by historians - until the most honorable Prophet (PBUH) died.

His departure

By the eleventh year, the disease began to become more severe for the Prophet (PBUH), so he entered the mosque and rose to the pulpit, urging Muslims to unite and not return to pre-Islamic times and disbelief, stressing that he (PBUH) only permitted what God permitted and did not forbid anything except what God forbade.

His death was on the twenty-eighth of the month of Safar in the year 11 AH. In another narration, he died on the twelfth of Rabi’ al-Awwal of the same year at the age of sixty-three, and his soul (may God bless him and grant him peace) had flowed from his throat. Imam Ali (PBUH) and his chest. So Imam Ali (peace be upon him) rose, assisted by some bNi Hashem By preparing the Prophet (PBUH) and burial in his mosque (PBUH).

The topic of the succession of the Messenger of God

As soon as the soul of the Messenger of God (PBUH) was satisfied, he got busy Ali (peace be upon him) and the family of the Messenger (peace be upon him) prepared him in order to bury his pure body in his final resting place, until the Ansar held a meeting for themselves in the shed of Banu Sa’idah, which was attended by the leaders of the Aws and Khazraj together. This meeting was exploited by some of the Quraysh who joined the meeting after they heard about the meeting. Ansar.

After the meeting was held, intense and long discussions prevailed, in which an atmosphere of tension, anxiety, and disagreement prevailed over the candidate to succeed the Messenger (PBUH). As each group of them presented justifications and privileges that qualified them for the caliphate, the Qurashi group said, through the words of Abu Bakr: “The first to worship God on earth, and to believe in God and the Messenger, and they are his guardians and his clan, and the people most deserving of this matter after him, and no one disputes with them except an oppressor... and you, O people The Ansar. Neither your excellence in religion nor your great precedent in Islam can be denied. May God be pleased with you as supporters of His religion and His Messenger. We are the princes and you are the ministers.

Then one of the Ansar stood up, objecting to the words of the Quraishis and reminding them of their virtues and their support of the Prophet (PBUH) and that they were more deserving of the command than the immigrants, saying: “O Ansar, take control of your affairs, for the people are only in your shelter and your shadows, and no one will be willing to oppose you, and the people will not act except according to your opinion... You are worthy.” Glory, wealth, and those who have protection and help. People only watch what you do, so do not differ, lest your opinion be corrupted and your matter be ruined. You are the people of shelter, and to you the migration took place... and you are the owners of the home and the faith... and you are the people who have the greatest share in this matter.”

However, the Qurashi team did not yield to the argument of the Ansar, and remained adamant on its position that the Muhajireen were the first people to convert to Islam, the most honorable in lineage, the middle of them in land, the best of faces, the most born among the Arabs, and the most merciful to the Messenger of God (PBUH)... The Arabs will not know this matter except for this neighborhood of Quraysh.

At that time, weakness began to spread among the Ansar, and some of them said: “From us is a prince, and from you is a prince.” Omar replied to him by saying: “No way, two swords cannot be put together in a sheath. By God, the Arabs will not be willing to lead you while the Prophet is from someone other than you, and the Arabs will not refuse to put in charge someone who had prophethood among them. And we have the clear argument for that: whoever disputes with us the authority of Muhammad (PBUH) while we are his guardians and his clan, except one who leads to falsehood, or is attuned to sin, or is involved in destruction”!! And that the imams were from the Quraish - a hadith in which there is discussion of this wording - which tipped the balance in favor of the Quraishi party over the Ansari.

In addition to what both the first and second caliphs wrote in the dialogue, the historical conflict between the Aws and Khazraj tribes and its role in tipping the balance in favor of the other party cannot be eliminated in any way.

Evidence of this is what Bashir bin Saad did when he supported the Qurayshi position after he saw signs of Saad bin Ubadah’s appointment to the caliphate. He warned the Ansar of the seriousness of the situation and that the Ansar should not compete with the Qurayshi for this position.

When Bashir went to pledge allegiance to Abu Bakr, Al-Hubab Ibn Al-Mundhir called to him: “O Bashir bin Saad: I have a slave to you. I am in no need of what you have done. I was envious - that is, I was envious - of your cousin - meaning Saad bin Ubadah - the emirate.”

And when the Aws saw what Bashir bin Saad had done, and what the Quraysh were calling for, and what the Khazraj were seeking from the appointment of Saad bin Abbadah, they said to each other, including Usayd bin Hudayr - who was one of the captains: By God, if the Khazraj were to rule over you once, they would still have that virtue over you. And they will never give you any share in it with them, so rise up and pledge allegiance!!

In that atmosphere, Abu Bakr turned to those gathered and said: “This is Omar, and this is Abu Ubaidah, so whichever one you want, pledge allegiance.” They said: “No, by God, we will not undertake this matter over you, and pledge allegiance to him.”

The next day, the people gathered in the mosque, and Omar bin Al-Khattab addressed them, while Abu Bakr remained silent and did not speak. He said: “If Muhammad (PBUH) has died, then God has placed among you a light by which you will be guided, and that Abu Bakr is the companion of the Messenger of God (PBUH) and the second of two, and he is the most deserving of the Muslims in your affairs, so rise up and pledge allegiance to him.”

Then Abu Bakr spoke, saying: “As for what follows, O people, I have been appointed over you, and I am not the best of you. If I do good, help me, and if I do evil, correct me.” Then he promised them to work according to the Book of God and the Sunnah of His Prophet and to adhere to them.

Here, some may wonder why this enthusiasm for values, ideals, and defense of the true religion was absent from these people when they left the body of the Messenger (may God bless him and grant him peace) for three days, rushing to Saqifat Bani Sa’idah? Were they ignorant of the extent of the danger in taking such a position that led to division among the Islamic nation from the day of Saqifa until the present day?

These are questions that must be answered when standing before the court of divine justice, and each party must come up with its own argument.

Among those who objected to the pledge of allegiance was the leader of the Khazrajids, Saad bin Ubadah, and when he was asked to pledge allegiance, he responded, saying: Saad refused to pledge allegiance to a group of his people, and he was asked to do so and said:

“No, by God, until I shoot at you with every arrow in my quiver, and sharpen the points of my spear at you, and strike you with my sword as long as my hand possesses, and fight you with those of my family and clan who are with me.”

During the caliphate of Omar, he went to Hauran in the Levant and did not pledge allegiance, and was killed there - it is known that he died during the caliphate of Abu Bakr - as they attributed his killing to the jinn and narrated in her tongue that she recited poetry about his killing. Concerning this, the author of Ansab al-Ashraf says: It is said that he refused to pledge allegiance to Abu Bakr, so he sent a man to him to take the pledge of allegiance from him while he was in Buhuran from the land of the Levant. He refused, so he threw it and killed him. In it, this poetry is narrated that the jinn impersonates:

The

And among those who abstained from pledging allegiance Ali bin Abi Talib (P) andBanu Hashim And a number of companions, and some historians mentioned that Ali (peace be upon him) did not pledge allegiance during the six months that she lived Mrs. Fatima (PBUH) After the Messenger (s).

Some researchers have discussed this, based on the fact that Fatima (peace be upon him) had died before that. In addition to that, Ali (peace be upon him)’s love for goodness and the righteousness of the nation prevented him from delaying this period, and thirdly, it is unlikely that the people would have been patient in opposing the Commander of the Faithful (peace be upon him) for so long. During this period, they made great efforts to consolidate the rule of the first caliph and give it legitimacy.

Features of the personality of the Noble Messenger

Its apparent specifications

The Messenger of God (may God bless him and grant him peace) was stately and stately, his face shining like the moon’s sparkle on a full moon night, taller than a square, shorter than a mustache, with a large head, a man of hair. If his aqeeqah parted, he parted it. Otherwise, his hair would not exceed the lobes of his ears if he had long hair, he was full of colour, and had a broad forehead. The eyebrows are furrowed, without a connection between them, a vein flowing with anger, with a light above it that anyone who does not contemplate it thinks is a smell. Thick beard, flat cheeks, well-developed mouth, grizzled, with flat teeth, delicate in shape, as if his neck was fine as a doll in the purity of silver, mild-mannered, with a compact body, both stomach and chest, far between the shoulders, large in size, broad-chested, radiant and detached, connected to what Between the mane and the navel, with hair running like a line, the breasts and stomach are bare and everything else.

The arms, shoulders, and upper chest are long, and the palms and feet are comfortable. Fluid limbs, reeded soles, soles of the soles, wide feet, water springs from them, when the clog is removed, he steps evenly, and walks with an easy, gentle gait, when he walks it is as if he is descending into a rain, and if he turns, he turns all together. His eyes lowered, his gaze at the ground longer than his gaze at the sky, his gaze keenly observant, he hastened to greet those he met.

• Square: between short and long.
• Trimmed: long and trimmed.
• Important: head - body.
• The man (with the opening of the rā' and the kasra of the jīm) of poetry: between ja'udah and irsāl.
• Aqeeqah: Hair gathered on the head, and in some versions: Aqeeqah, which is a hair braid.
• Bloom color: yoke color.
• The darkest eyebrows: long and precise.
• His eyebrows were connected to his hair.
• Sweat flowing with anger: filled with blood.
• Al-Arnain (with a kasrah in the eye and a silent rā’) means the entire nose, or what is solid of it.
• Al-Asham: one who has the top of his nose raised.
• He is well versed in the mouth: he has a great mouth, and he is praised.
• Ashnab: white teeth.
• A chigger: one whose teeth are spaced apart and have a gap between them.
• Daqiq Al Masrba: He who has tapered hair extending from his core to his navel.
• Doll (with the dhammah of the dal and the sukoon of the meem): pictures decorated with redness like blood - the idol.
• Badin: Great body. Al-Majlisi, may his secret be sanctified, said in “Al-Bihar”: Badin is solid, meaning the members are fully created, not with relaxed flesh or with much flesh.
• Both the stomach and the chest: it means that his stomach is atrophied, and his chest is broad, so from this side his stomach is equal to his chest.

Good reputation and purity of conduct

The Noble Prophet (PBUH) lived in Mecca for forty years before the revelation came to him. During that time, he was known for the purity and purity of his life, and he was endowed with good qualities until he was known in the Meccan community as the truthful and trustworthy, so much so that when he was sent to deliver the message, the Quraysh found no reason to doubt his sincerity and honesty, but rather they denied the verses that he brought, as he suggests to us. Almighty saying:﴿ For they do not deny you, but the wrongdoers deny the signs of God.﴾. Salam bin Miskin narrated on the authority of Abu Yazid al-Madani that the Messenger of God (may God bless him and grant him peace) met Abu Jahl, and Abu Jahl shook hands with him. He was told about that, and he said: “By God, I know that he is telling the truth, but if we were following Abd Manaf!”

Al-Suddi said: Akhnas Ibn Shariq and Abu Jahl Ibn Hisham met and said to him: “O Abu Al-Hakam, tell me about Muhammad (PBUH). Is he truthful or a liar?” For there is no one here except me and you who hears our words.” Abu Jahl said: “Woe to you, by God, Muhammad is truthful and has never lied, but if Banu Qusayy goes with the standard, the hijab, the watering, the symposium, and the prophethood, then what will happen to the rest of the Quraysh?!”

He (PBUH) referred to this meaning when he received the Quraysh’s acknowledgment of his truthfulness before conveying the message to them when he addressed them by saying: “Do you not think that if I told you that horses were emerging from the foot of the mountain and wanted to attack you, would you believe me?”

They said: “Yes, by God, we have never tried a lie against you.” He said: “I am a warner to you before a severe torment.”

Added to his good qualities and pure character are the generosity of his upbringing, the purity of his fathers, and the honor of his grandfathers, such as Qusay bin Kilab, Hashim, and Abdul Muttalib. Hence, this factor had an effective role in the conversion of the Arabs, especially the Quraishis, to the Islamic religion. Because of their morals of nationalistic isolation, as the noble verses suggest:

• ﴿ And if We had sent it down to some of the foreigners* and he had recited it to them, they would not have believed in it.﴾. And the Almighty said:﴿ Indeed, there has come to you a messenger from among yourselves, dear to him is what you have suffered, anxious for you towards the believers, compassionate and merciful.﴾The.

High morals

The Holy Qur’an referred to the high rank and lofty character that the Most Noble Messenger (PBUH) possessed, in... Almighty saying:﴿ Indeed, you are of great character﴾.

It was described in the description of his morals that he (PBUH) was the bravest, most forgiving, most just, most chaste, and most generous of all people. He was the most ascetic and simplest of people in living, and he was the most modest of people. He was the most tolerant and easygoing of people. He would answer the calls of both free and slave, and would accept a gift even if it was a dose of milk, and reward it in the best way. A reward. He was angry with God and not angry with himself. He was humble in his food. He ate from the poor and sat with the poor. He honored the people of virtue and was not cruel to anyone. He used to visit the sick, whoever he was or how he was. He attended funerals, walked alone and never had an entourage. He loved good things with a passion. Absolutely.. He did not spend time in obedience to God. He would begin by greeting anyone he met, and whoever stood with him on a need, he would walk with him until he was the one leaving. Whenever he met one of his companions, he would start by shaking hands, then take his hand, clasp it, then grip it.

He used to call his companions by their nicknames out of respect and respect for them. If someone did not have a nickname, he would give them a nickname again so that he could be given a nickname.

If the woman has a child, he gives her a nickname for him, and if she does not have a child, he begins with a new nickname for her. Even boys, he was fond of them. He was the furthest of people from anyone's anger, the quickest to be satisfied, the kindest in heart, the most helpful to them, and other noble morals.

The Commander of the Faithful (peace be upon him) said in his description: Whoever sees him with intuition fears him, and whoever comes into contact with him with acquaintance loves him.

On the authority of Abu Abdullah Al-Sadiq (peace be upon him), he said: “The Messenger of God (peace be upon him) used to divide his moments among his companions, and he would look at one person and look at another person equally.” “The man would shake hands with him, and the Messenger of God (may God bless him and grant him peace) would not let his hand go until he was the one leaving.”

He spoke to people according to their intelligence. He did not get angry with himself, nor did he speak to anyone about anything he disliked, and he was forgiving. He even pardoned the killer of Hamzah and his arch enemy and leader of polytheism, Abu Sufyan.

asceticism

As for his asceticism, it was so great that the picturesque appearances of the world did not fascinate him or attract him to it. He (may God bless him and grant him peace) lived in a modest house made of mud that he built next to the mosque, and the homes of his women were covered with palm trunks. As for the pillow on which he slept at night from Adam, his bed was stuffed with fiber. From an adam with two holes, he collected an adhma or adam, which is tanned skin, and this was not due to poverty or destitution, and in Hunayn, where the Muslims spoiled thousands of camels and sheep, in addition to the gold and silver that he distributed to the Muslims, he did not save any of it for himself.

He (may God bless him and grant him peace) was ascetic in his eating and drinking. Months may have passed without a fire burning in his house (may God bless him and grant him peace), and he was never satisfied with food. He was with his companions digging the trench when his daughter Fatima (peace be upon her) came with a piece of barley bread. She gave it to him, and he said: “What is this piece of bread?” She said: “I baked it as a cake for Al-Hasan and Al-Hussein, and I brought this cake from it.” He said: “O Fatima (peace be upon her), this is the first food that has entered your father’s stomach in three years.”

He (PBUH) sometimes pressed the stone of famine to his stomach, and (PBUH) died while his armor was mortgaged to a Jew to support his family.

Order and elegance

The Messenger of God (PBUH) was known for his life of order and elegance, to the point that he gave each cylinder of the mosque a name that corresponds to the task it was being carried out, such as the cylinder of the immigrants, the cylinder of Abu Lubabah, the cylinder of the guards, the cylinder of delegations, the cylinder of Tahajjud, and... He was concerned with the rows of worshipers. On the authority of Abu Masoud Uqba bin Amr Al-Ansari said: “The Messenger of God (may God’s prayers and peace be upon him) used to wipe our shoulders during prayer” and say: “Stay equal and do not differ, lest your hearts differ. Those who have dreams and prohibitions will be close to me among you, then those who come after them, then those who come after them.” Al-Tabarani narrated on the authority of Bilal, who said: “The Messenger of God (may God bless him and grant him peace) used to straighten our shoulders during prayer.”

He was interested in organizing his time between worship, work, and family. He was concerned about his external appearance, even when he went out, he looked in the mirror and styled his hair and beard. He (may God bless him and grant him peace) did not leave five things during his travel and presence: a mirror, kohl, comb, ointment, and the siwak.

The illiterate messenger

The Noble Prophet (PBUH) was illiterate and could not read and write, and this is what the blessed verse indicates:﴿ You had not recited any book before it, nor had you written it with your right hand. Then the untruthful would doubt.﴾The.

Stories about his virtue

Excerpts from his words

His (may God bless him and grant him peace) status in Shiite thought

The Shiites unanimously agreed on his message and conclusion, and that there will be no prophet after him, and that he is one of the most determined prophets who came with a special law from God Almighty, and that (PBUH) is located at the top of the pyramid of the fourteen infallible people in whose infallibility the Shiites believe in the Islamic community, and that (PBUH) is infallible in addition to... Receiving revelation and conveying it in all the affairs of his life before and after the mission, and to prove the truth of his claim, he performed many miracles, of which the Qur’an is at the forefront.

Sources of the Prophet’s Hadith

Since the Shiites believe that the Twelve Imams (peace be upon them) in addition to Lady Al-Zahra (peace be upon them) are the faithful and infallible path in understanding and transmitting the Sunnah of the Prophet (peace be upon them), from here they went to say that what was reported from them (peace be upon them) is consistent with the Sunnah of the Most Noble Prophet. (PBUH) Accordingly, they considered the four hadith books: Al-Kaafi, Al-Tahtheeb, Man La Yahdrahurah Al-Faqih, and Al-Istibsar as a mirror that looks at the law and Sunnah of the Messenger (PBUH).

However, some prominent figures wrote special books in which they included what was narrated directly on the tongue of the Noble Prophet (PBUH), including:

• how are you Ibn Shuba’ al-Harrani, one of the prominent figures of the Imami in the fourth century AH, devoted a special chapter to the words of the Noble Prophet (PBUH).
• Prophetic metaphors, by Al-Sharif Al-Radi, in which its author was keen to monitor the literary and rhetorical aspects, such as references, warnings, metonymies, and similes in the words of the Noble Prophet (PBUH).
• Letters of the Messenger (PBUH) Written by Sheikh Ali Al-Ahmadi Al-Mayanji, in which he collected the letters of the Prophet (PBUH) and his books that he sent to kings, workers, and... in addition to some miscellaneous topics.
• Sunnah of the Prophet (PBUH)By the scholar Al-Sayyid Tabatabai, in which the author focused on monitoring the Sunnah of the Prophet (PBUH) and his moral biography in a general and systematic manner in conduct and behavior, which represents his Sunnah (PBUH).
• Eloquence approach, by Abu al-Qasim Bayandah, in which he collected the hadiths of the Prophet (PBUH), his sermons, and his words as well.

for further information

• Sunnah of the Prophet (PBUH) (book), by Sayyid Muhammad Hussein Tabatabai, edited by Muhammad Hadi Faqhi, Tehran, Islamic, 1354 AH.
• Nahj al-Fasaha (book), Berhizkar Publishing Center.
• The biography of Mustafa, a new look. Author: Hashem Marouf Al-Hasani
• Lessons in the Prophet’s Biography (book), by Dr. Adnan Farhan, Beirut, Dar es Salaam.

Sources and references