The subject of an expression on the migration of thinking minds and labor

Migration of intellectual minds and labor

Migration of thinking minds

Migration is defined linguistically as leaving one country to another, and an immigrant person is one who moved to live on another land due to unjust injustice, or to obtain security, a decent living, or justice. Brain drain is one of the forms of immigration, and it can be defined as the movement of individuals with high levels of qualification, that is, university and college graduates and above, from their country to another country. With the aim of obtaining permanent residency and work. In this regard, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) believes that brain drain represents an abnormal type of scientific exchange occurring between countries, as it is characterized by a flow in one direction or what is called the reverse transfer of technology.

At present, it is noted that the migration of talents and thinking minds is proceeding according to a temporary pattern, but this phenomenon is expected to increase significantly with the openness of the market, the intensification of globalization, the expansion of freedom of trade in services and goods, and the availability of advanced technologies that allow various modern means of communication, especially those that Among qualified and highly efficient elements. The phenomenon of the migration of thinking minds has caught the attention of politicians, rulers, administrators, and researchers. Given the important role of people with thinking minds in the renaissance and development of nations, many countries have worked to employ these minds and benefit from them. With the aim of serving its present and future goals, and innovating and inventing what is useful in the production of knowledge and technology.

Reasons for the migration of thinking minds

There are many reasons that push thinking minds to immigrate and leave their country, and the most important of these reasons are:

• Attracting the global market to various high talents.
• Constantly striving to obtain a better level of education and highly efficient technical skills.
• Countries sending their best talents to the best industrialized countries. For the purpose of science and study.
• Creating the best conditions for work, comfortable living temptations, and appropriate conditions for conducting research within an atmosphere that facilitates creativity, innovation, and intellectual freedom.
• Scientists and researchers are forced to work in job tasks far from their specialty. With the aim of getting money.
• Escaping natural disasters, conflicts, wars, and bad weather conditions.
• Lack of financial support for scientific research, and weak media and moral support and encouragement for the results of scientific research.
• The sharp decline in the level of wages and per capita income in countries of origin.

Pros and cons of brain drain

There are many pros and cons that lie behind the migration of intellectual minds, and we mention the most important of them as follows:

• Positives:
  • Transferring the acquired knowledge and technology to the country of origin.
  • Developing talents, stimulating invention and innovation, and building personality.
  • Acquiring professional, academic, artistic and scientific skills, in addition to the experiences that the immigrant person has mastered.
  • Cooperating, coordinating and engaging with other communities, which contributes to reducing racism and cultural differences.
  • Improving the financial, employment, and professional conditions of the migrant person.

• Negatives:
  • Weakness of the immigrant’s identity and belonging to his country of origin.
  • Reducing the level of knowledge stock of the country of origin, which leads to a reduction in overall output.
  • Facing difficulties in controlling the wage system in the local labor market.
  • Some immigrant competencies return to their country as foreign experts who may seek to serve interests that are not compatible with the interest of their homeland.
  • Weakening the bodies concerned with scientific research, technology producers, and knowledge creators in the country of origin.
  • Widening the gap between rich developed countries and poor developing countries.
  • The lack of professional labor in various fields in the country of origin.
  • Make trade exchange a one-way street.

Labor migration

Labor migration or international labor can be defined as the movement across political borders of groups or individuals according to a self-decision. With the aim of finding a suitable job opportunity that contributes to improving the financial and social situation of the immigrant individual and his family, and the period must not be less than one year. A migrant worker is one who abandons his country and moves to another country. To be an employee at his own discretion.

Currently, the numbers of migrant workers have grown significantly, and many areas of attraction and expulsion have emerged at the global level, in addition to regular and irregular bodies that seek to manage their migration, as the number of migrant workers in the world is approximately 244 million migrants. Migration in our current era is directly or indirectly linked to the search for suitable job opportunities, whether within the borders of the country itself or across international borders. Statistics in 2013 showed that about 150.3 million immigrants out of 232 million international immigrants are immigrant workers, and men constitute Among them are approximately 83.7 million immigrants, and the number of women is about 66.6 million immigrants.

Reasons for labor migration

There are many reasons that paved the way for the migration of workers and labor from their country of origin to other countries and countries. The most important of these reasons are:

• Searching for material benefits and good income.
• The emergence of globalization and its increasing influence.
• Population changes and population growth.
• Conflicts and wars existing in the country of origin, and the search for security.
• The wide disparity in wage levels and individual income.
• Severe climate changes and bad weather conditions.
• Material benefit to the country of origin; Due to financial transfers of labor.

Protection of migrant workers

In 2014, the International Labor Organization established a fair migration agenda. With the aim of enhancing the protection of migrant workers, and achieving development for them, their families, their countries, and the destination country. This agenda includes the following objectives:

• Making immigration just an option and not a necessity, and this is achieved by creating suitable job opportunities in the country of origin.
• Respect human rights, one of which is the right to work for all migrants.
• Ensuring adequate job opportunities and fair employment, achieving equality in the treatment of migrant workers, and protecting them from exploitation.
• Promoting joint and real cooperation between countries at the regional level.
• Including labor organizations, the Ministry of Labor, and employers to participate in policies and laws related to immigration.
• Ensure positive participation of labor migration in the country of origin, through large remittance flows, transfer of basic skills and technologies, and investment of migrants returning to the country of origin.