Tree parts

the crown

The crown is located above the trunk and consists of all the branches and leaves on the tree. The leaves carry out the process of photosynthesis, which is represented by absorbing sunlight to interact with chlorophyll, and producing the sugars necessary to feed the tree, in addition to producing oxygen as a byproduct. Leaves come in several shapes, some of which are flat. They are wide and some are as thin as needles, but they all share their ability to carry out the process of photosynthesis.^[XNUMX]

Since trees are classified as vascular plants; Leaves are connected to the rest of the plant by a continuous vascular system that enables them to exchange nutrients, water, and the end products of photosynthesis. Such as oxygen and carbohydrates, along with the rest of the plant parts.^[XNUMX]

the trunk

The tree trunk consists of several layers, which are as follows:^[XNUMX]

• Outer bark: It protects the tree from fires and insects, and insulates it from high temperatures or extreme cold.
• Bark: It is the layer of cells that forms the pipeline that works to transfer sugars from the leaves to the rest of the tree, and when it dies, it turns into part of the outer bark.
• Cambium: It is the growing part of the trunk, which produces new bark and sapwood annually. It grows slowly during the winter, causing the tree’s annual rings to appear, which help determine the age of the tree. The oldest part of these rings is located in the inner part of the tree.
• Sapwood: It is the pipeline that transports water and nutrients from the roots to the leaves, and the emergence of new layers of it causes the death of the inner layers and their transformation into the solid heartwood located in the tree trunk.
• Solid heartwood: It is dead wood found in the middle of the tree and provides it with its strength.

the roots

The function of the roots is to absorb water and nutrients from the soil and to anchor the tree to the ground. Sugars are also stored inside them. All trees have lateral roots that continue to branch out horizontally into smaller roots. Some trees have roots known as tap roots that extend downward for a length of up to To 4.6 meters, each root is covered with thousands of root hairs that facilitate the process of absorbing water and minerals from the soil. The majority of the root parts are located in the upper part of the soil at a depth of 30.5 to 45.7 centimeters as it is the area that contains the highest percentage of oxygen.^[XNUMX]

Roots may grow downward, sideways, or along the tree trunk, and the direction of their growth is determined by a transforming system that converts physical signals into physiological signals that control the anatomical and morphological development of the roots.^[XNUMX]