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Football

Football is considered the most popular game throughout the world. It has the largest number of followers and the largest number of players who play it. According to reports by the International Football Association, the number of players playing this game at the end of the twentieth century was about 250 million and more than 1.3 billion followers and spectators. Football is considered a sport accessible to everyone, as it can be practiced. In various places, such as gyms, official stadiums, or even streets, parks, or many other places.

Football is a team sport based on the principle of cooperation and team spirit. Two teams are formed, each consisting of eleven players. They pass the ball among themselves with the aim of putting it into the opponent’s goal. During this, they are prohibited from using their hands to handle the ball, except for the goalkeeper, who He is allowed to do this as long as he is inside what is known as the penalty area, and the game ends with the victory of the team that scores the most goals against the opponent.

Football equipment

the ball

Many international companies manufacture the ball used to play football with advanced, modern and progressive designs since the date of its initial manufacture, which dates back nearly a hundred years. The ball, which consisted of 32 pieces of leather and was assembled in a spherical shape, was manufactured in the seventies of the twentieth century. Then the ball evolved to consist of 14 pieces that did not contain any stitches and took the shape of a ball. Then it was modified in the year 2010 AD to consist of only eight pieces. These developments were continued by designing new balls in 2013.

stadium

The average length of the field on which a football match takes place is approximately 100 metres, while its average width is 60 metres, but this varies according to the laws of the International Federation of Association Football (FIFA). The Federation has set official dimensions for the size of football fields, especially those on which official matches for the game are held. The minimum length of the field must be no less than 90 meters and no more than 120 metres, and its width must not be less than 45 meters and no more than 90 meters. Maximum, and usually, the famous football stadiums around the world have dimensions of 105 x 68 meters, such as the Camp Nou, Old Trafford, and others.

The stadium consists of several parts, such as the part known as the goal area and the penalty area. The goal area is known as an area that takes the shape of a square and is located inside the penalty area, which is the area in front of the team’s goal. According to FIFA rules, this area is 18.32 meters wide, including the distance of the goal itself and the distance. It is 5.5 meters from the back line of the field, and this area is completely contained in a part known as the penalty area, which also includes the penalty mark. The depth of the penalty area in the team area is 16.5 meters, while its total width is 40.32 meters, including the goal area. As for the penalty mark, it is Drawn within the penalty area, specifically 11 meters from the goal line.

players equipment

Safety is one of the important things that must be achieved and present in any equipment for football players, so according to the international law of the Football Association, football players are prohibited from wearing any type of equipment that may cause danger to the player himself and to other players, and this includes all Types of jewelry, bands, leather and rubber ties. The match referee is responsible for inspecting the players and ensuring that they are not wearing any of these things, or even making them take them off if they are. The equipment that a football player must wear during matches varies. The player must be wearing For a sleeved shirt, pants, shoes and socks, in addition to a special leg protection device worn under the socks. The player must not remove his leg protection equipment and wear an alternative one in case he loses the one he is wearing.

It should be noted that if the socks are covered with anything, such as duct tape, for example, it must be a color similar to the color of the socks themselves, and just as these tools are an important part of the game and mandatory in the game of football, the colors of this equipment is also important; Each of the two teams must wear a different uniform, different from the other and different from the referee’s uniform as well. The match goalkeeper must also avoid wearing the same uniform as the team players or similar clothing to the match referee’s uniform. If the players wear any undershirts, they must be of the same color. The prevailing color is in the sleeve of the shirt. As for the undershorts, they can be worn if they are similar to the color appearing under the shorts or their main color. The goalkeepers of both teams are allowed to wear the same color of the shirt if there is no alternative available.

Target

The goal, or what is known as the goal for each team, is placed on the center of the goal line. The goal has two side posts, each of which is placed at an equal distance from the corner signal. These two posts are connected from the top by a horizontal crossbar. These two posts, in addition to the crossbar, must be made of A circular, square, rectangular, or oval shape, provided that it does not pose a danger to the players in any way, and is made of certain approved materials such as wood or other materials. The width of the goal or goal from the inner sides of its two side posts is 7.32 metres. While its height from the lower edge of the crossbar to the ground is 2.44 metres, the two posts and the crossbar have conditions that must be met; They must all be of similar width and thickness, which must not exceed 12 cm for each, and these three elements must be painted white. The goal nets must be fixed to both the goal posts and the ground, and the entire goal must be fixed to the ground.

the rules of football

Players and substitutions

A football match is played by two teams, each consisting of a maximum of eleven players, including the goalkeeper, and a minimum of seven players. If one of the two teams reaches less than this number, it may lead to the cancellation of the match, depending on how this shortage of players occurs. If the match is held according to rules in which the players of both teams must be named, then no one is allowed to participate from outside the elements that have been named and included in the match. The playing list, and the number of substitutions allowed for the players of the two teams varies depending on the nature of the match, as each team is allowed to substitute five of its players in some competitions, while only three are allowed to be substituted in the first club matches or national team matches, and some categories of teams are allowed to substitute six or twelve. Players. In this type of match, both teams must agree on the number to be replaced, and then the match referee must be informed of that.

All the main and reserve players of the match shall be under the authority of the match referee. In the event that there is a substitution from one of the two teams, the referee must be informed that there is an expected substitution. Then the referee gives permission to make the substitution so that the player to be replaced leaves the field, and then the substitute player enters to become a starter in the match. It is permissible to replace one of the players on the field with the goalkeeper, provided that the referee is informed of this, and then the change takes place during any stoppage of play. If a player is expelled before the list of players’ names is submitted, his name cannot be included in the list provided. However, if he is expelled after If his name is on the list, he may be replaced by another player without this procedure being counted as an official substitution. However, if he is expelled after the start of the match, he may not be replaced by another player. If anyone other than the main players enters the field, the referee must intervene to remove him from the field. The team captain is the person responsible for directing his team's behavior and does not have any special advantages on the field.

Rulers

The referee is considered the first and last responsible for the course of play that occurs in a football match. This person applies the laws of the game according to his discretion that he deems appropriate, and the decisions of the referee and his assistants are considered final decisions that must be implemented, as he is responsible for counting or canceling goals and determining the outcome of the match, and the match referee has a team of referees consisting of two assistant referees who provide him with advice and advice. In everything related to the game, there may sometimes be a fourth assistant who is appointed as a substitute for the match referee in the event that he is unable to complete the arbitration process. He may be entrusted with some other duties assigned to him by the first referee, and the crew of assistant referees is not limited to the referees who are on the field. There can be assistant referees for video replay technology, and these referees are present outside the field, and football referees are approved after training them and providing them with the experience and skills they need.

Duration of the match

The football match is played over two halves, each lasting 45 minutes. The referee can reduce this period if the two teams agree to do so and if the rules of the competition allow this to be done. These two halves include a rest period of a maximum of a quarter of an hour. As for Once extra time is reached, the players of both teams may be given a very short break, which may not exceed five minutes, and no rest time is given between the extra periods.

Offside in football

The offside law in football is considered one of the most difficult laws of the game. As decisions are made according to the discretion of the match referee, and there are many precise cases that may create confusion for some regarding the offside law, there are cases in which the player is in a state of offside but does not commit an offside violation, and there are other cases in which the player is not in An offside position, but when the ball reaches him, this violation occurs, and there are some times in the match during which the offside law is not applied at all.

Fouls in football

There are many types of fouls that are committed in a football match, and the penalties for these fouls vary depending on many things, such as the nature of the foul committed and the place where it was committed. A direct free kick is awarded to the opposing team and executed from the place where the foul occurred if any of the team’s players commits a violation that the referee deems appropriate. The player used excessive, reckless, and redundant force; Such as following the opposing team player, or jumping on him, or kicking him, or even trying to kick him, or hitting him, or trying to hit him, or pushing him, or obstructing him, or making an attempt to obstruct him, or attacking him, or holding him, or intercepting him, or spitting on him, or He touched the ball intentionally, and this last matter does not apply to goalkeepers. There is another type of foul that is committed on the field, which is the one that requires awarding the opponent what is known as a penalty kick, when the player commits any of the previous fouls in any part of the penalty area. against the opposing team, and during the ongoing play time.

Indirect free kicks are the last type of foul earned by the opposing team. Where the opposing team is awarded an indirect kick if the team's goalkeeper prolongs the time of keeping the ball in his hands, or throws it and catches it again before another player touches it, or if he holds the ball with his hands while it was passed to him intentionally by one of his team's players, as it is counted as This violation occurs if a player obstructs the goalkeeper in a way that prevents him from passing the ball in his hands, or commits any error that is not mentioned in the direct free kick laws. This violation may also be counted when a player is expelled or play is stopped for a specific reason.

The match referee has the authority to issue any disciplinary penalties in response to any of the errors committed, as he can show the yellow card as a warning to one of the main players or substitutes, while the red card is shown to expel a main or substitute player from the match. The referee’s authority and authority to announce the cards is not limited to Players on the field or even just during the match; As he can show such cards to substitute or main players during the time of playing the match or even after the final whistle blows and until the players leave the field, the player may also obtain any of these cards in the event that he assaults one of the opposing team’s players or one of his team’s players. Or even a member of the refereeing staff.

Football history

The roots of football go back to many games that have been played throughout history. Stories vary regarding the origins of some of these games, but they all remain based on people’s feeling of happiness at kicking the ball since ancient times. It is noteworthy that the first forms of this game date back to the second and third centuries BC. In a form of military exercises based on the principle of moving forward with the ball using only the feet, the Chinese, through the ruling Han Dynasty, invented a game they called Tsu Chu, which is based on the principle of kicking a leather ball containing feathers and hair with the aim of inserting it into a fixed net. On bamboo sticks and without using hands in the game.

Another sport of kicking the ball appeared in Japan after approximately 500 to 600 years. This game was based on the principle of playing the ball between a group of players who stand in a circle and pass the ball among themselves in order to prevent it from touching the ground. The name Kirami was given to this game, which still exists. It exists until now in Japanese culture, and the ancient Greeks developed their own game, and in the modern era England is considered the cradle of the launch of the most popular game in the world in its current form, and this dates back to about a hundred years ago, specifically in the year 1863 AD, when both the Football Association and Football Associations established Rugby introduced the formation of the first football federation in the world, making this federation the first private institution to sponsor the sport of football.

The most important football team tournaments

world Cup

The World Cup, which is held once every four years, is considered the most popular sports tournament in the world. As it enjoys billions of viewers in each of its sessions, this tournament determines the sports team that is considered the world champion in football. This tournament was organized by the International Federation of Association Football for the first time in the year 1930 AD, and Uruguay was crowned with the first edition of this tournament. This tournament has been held periodically since that date, except for the period that accompanied the outbreak of World War II. The number of teams participating in the World Cup is 32 teams that include the most skilled players from different countries. It was the Frenchman Jules Rimet who proposed establishing this world tournament, in honor of... For him, the cup won by the champion of the tournament was named after him, and this cup continued to pass from one champion to another until it was completely awarded to the Brazilian national team, which won it for the third time in the year 1970 AD, before winning it in the years 1958 AD and 1962 AD, and the Cup was created. A new world presented by FIFA.

Continental cups

European Nations Cup

It is one of the international competitions held throughout Europe. This tournament for the men's national teams of European countries is organized once every four years. This tournament was held for the first time in the year 1960 AD in France, and the Soviet Union was crowned in it at that time after defeating Yugoslavia with a score of 2-1. Germany and France are considered more Won titles in the European Nations Championship; Each of them won three titles, while France won two titles, and the remaining seven titles are distributed among Czechoslovakia, Greece, Portugal, Denmark, the Soviet Union, Italy, and the Netherlands. Spain is considered the first country to win the European Nations Cup twice in a row in the past years. 2008 AD and 2012 AD.

Latin American Cup

It is known as (in English: Copa América), and it is the oldest international tournament for the world’s national teams. It was launched experimentally in the year 1910 AD, then it was announced as an official tournament in the year 1916 AD, as part of the celebrations of the State of Argentina for the centenary of its independence, and Argentina was the country Hosting the first edition of this tournament, Brazil and Uruguay participated in it, in addition to Argentina. This cup was called in the past the South American Football Cup and its name remained that way until 1975 AD, which witnessed the launch of its thirtieth edition and its name was changed to the current one by which it is known. This change in name was accompanied by a change in many of the tournament’s rules, such as the distribution of teams into groups.

Asian Nations Cup

The Asian Nations Cup is held once every four years, similar to its European counterparts. This tournament was held in its first edition, which South Korea won in 1956 AD. This edition was organized in Hong Kong with the participation of 12 founding countries of the Asian Football Confederation, and Japan is considered the country that has achieved the most titles in the Asian Nations Cup. It won it on four occasions, followed by the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and Iran, which won this tournament three times for each country. 16 football teams qualify for the tournament from the qualifying stage, and then these teams play within the group system, and only eight of them move to the next stage, which is considered a stage. Knockout in direct confrontations between the two teams, and the Asian Nations Cup was held in many countries of the Asian continent.

Africa Cup of Nations

It is a tournament for football teams in the continent of Africa, and it is held once every two years. Egypt was crowned champion of the inaugural edition that was held in Sudan in the year 1957 AD. This tournament witnessed the participation of Egypt and Sudan in one group, and Ethiopia and South Africa in another group that witnessed qualification. Directly for Ethiopia at the expense of South Africa, which was excluded from the tournament, and Egypt was able to defeat Ethiopia with a score of 4 to zero in the final match. The African Cup of Nations is considered the third popular tournament in the world after the World Cup and the European Nations Championship.

The most important football club tournaments

There are many football tournaments held at the club level in one country, and the following shows the most important of these tournaments:

• Spanish League Championship.
• English Premier League Championship.
• German League Championship.
• Italian League Championship.
• French League Championship.

International Federation of Association Football (FIFA)

It is considered the most prominent sports organization in the world. This federation, which was established in the year 1904 AD, contains 209 members. The football federations of Belgium, the Netherlands, France, Spain, Switzerland, Sweden, and Denmark established this federation to be a bridge. It connects the national federations of each country and enhances joint work and cooperation among these federations. This federation was also formed to enhance the marketing of football to confront American football and rugby. French nationality Robert Gorin was the first president of the International Federation of Association Football and continued to serve in this vacancy. The position is for only two years.

Seven people assumed the presidency of the International Federation, except for the Italian Gianni Infantino, the current president of FIFA. It is noteworthy that Jules Rimet, one of the seven presidents, held this position for a period of 33 consecutive years, extending from the years 1921 AD to 1954 AD. The International Federation contributed to making football the most popular sport in the world. He also became the holder of authority and the locus of decision-making in everything related to football laws, rules of play, player transfer policy, determining the foundations for organizing competitions, holding and supervising various tournaments, and many other activities and matters related to this sport.

Benefits of football

There are many benefits resulting from playing football, and the following shows the most important of these benefits:

• It increases the physical strength of the body and develops muscles.
• Reduces the percentage of fat accumulated in the player's body.
• It improves the efficiency of the respiratory system and maintains cardiovascular health.
• It increases a person's physical endurance and gives him more flexibility.
• It is considered a type of sport that is beneficial to health in general, because it contains different types of movement, such as walking, jogging, or jogging.
• The game of football increases its players' ability to discipline and persevere.
• Enhances teamwork, coordination and communication skills.
• Increases concentration and thinking skills to get out of emergency situations.
• It provides the opportunity to meet new people and engage in group activity with friends, as well as being considered an international sport.
• It increases a person's self-confidence and self-esteem.
• It reduces anxiety in people.
• It can be learned easily, and its practice does not require a lot of special equipment.