How does genetic mutation occur?

Genetic mutation

Mutations are among the things that scientists have been interested in and are studying continuously because they affect humans such as cancer diseases, and a mutation is a result of changing the chromosomal material, which results in the emergence of new characteristics that differ from the parents, and usually the mutation occurs either in the body tissue or in the reproductive tissue, and to this day This did not know the reason for the existence of the mutation, but scientists have indicated that it could be from the parents who were exposed to treatment with x-rays or radium, ultraviolet radiation, and some chemicals, and sometimes from the environment itself, which led to a defect in the chromosomal structure or a chemical change.

How does genetic mutation occur?

The mutation occurs at two levels:

• Chromosomal level: This type of mutation is the result of a sudden change in the number of chromosomes and a change in their normal system. It is known that the chromosome is a rod-shaped structure located in the nucleus of the cell and consists of proteins and deoxyribonucleic acid. Children, if a defect occurs in these chromosomes, the mutation is transmitted to the children, but until now it is not known why this mutation occurred.
• Chemical change: It is a chemical change in the genes in terms of the order of the nitrogenous bases present in the DNA molecule, which eventually leads to the formation of a completely different enzyme, which leads to the emergence of new characteristics that were not present in the parents. This is also known as a genetic mutation.

It is known that if a somatic mutation occurs in a specific cell, it is not transmitted to future generations, but if a genetic mutation occurs in a sexual cell, it is transmitted to the offspring.

Not all mutations are necessarily harmful, as there are mutations that are necessary, which in turn work on the development of the organism, and the mutation has factors that lead to its occurrence, which are caused by external factors such as exposure to ultraviolet radiation or nuclear radiation, or they are internal factors for the instability of the chemical and physical composition and factors There are many others. The mutation is the result of a defect in the arrangement of amino acids, and this defect can occur in one cell or in all cells of the body. The defect is present in the egg in the female or the sperm in the man. This mutation is transmitted to the son, and some changes appear on the child as a result of the occurrence of This boom.